URINA

- Kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladders
- urethra

organs of urinary system

- regulate aspects of homeostasis
- elimination of waste products

functions of the urinary system:

nitrogenous wastes, toxins, drugs

waste products of urinary system

- waster balance
- electrolytes
- acid-base balance
- blood pressure
- RBC Production
- activation of vit. D

kidneys

can be found agains the dorsal body wall; at the level of T12 and L3

F (slightly lower)

T or F: Right kidney is slightly higher than left kidney

kidneys

Attached to ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves at renal hilus

adrenal glands

organs on top of each kidneys

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

renal medulla

inside the cortex of the kidney

renal pelvis

inner collecting tube

medullary pyramids

triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

renal columns

extensions of cortex-like material inward

calyces

cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia

coverings of the kidneys

renal capsule

coverings that surrounds each kidney

adipose capsule

coverings that surrounds the kidney, provides protection, and helps keep the kidney in its correct location

aorta> renal artery> segmental artery> lobar artery> interlobar artery> arcuate artery> interlobular artery> afferent arteriole> glomerulus (capillaries)> efferent arteriole> pertibular capillaries> interlobular veins> arcuate veins> interlobar veins> renal vein >inferior vena cava

blood flow in the kidneys

nephrons

the structural and functional units of the kidneys

nephrons

responsible for forming urine

glomerulus and renal tube

main structure of nephrons

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

What are the two types of nephrons?

cortical nephrons

includes most nephrons (85%); almost entirely in cortex

juxtamedullary nephrons

found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla

glomerulus

a specialized capillary bed

glomerulus

Attached to arterioles on both sides (maintains high pressure)

large afferent arteriole

carries blood to the glomerulus (upward)

narrow efferent arteriole

away from glomerulus (downward)

glomerulus

sits within a glomerular capsule

glomerular capsule

first part of the renal tubule

renal tubule

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

renal tube is also known as?

peritubular capillaries

Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

normal, low pressure capillaries; attached to a venule

peritubular capillaries

cling close to the renal tube; Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes

filtration, secretion, reabsorption

what are three processes that lead to urine formation

filtration

Nonselective passive process

filtration

Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through capillary walls

Filtration

part of the urine process where blood cells cannot pass out to the capillaries

filtrate

collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the renal tubule

- some water
- glucose
- amino acids
- ions

during reabsorption, the peritubular capillaries reabsorb several materials

T

T or F:
Some reabsorption is passive, most is active

proximal convoluted tubule

where most reabsorption occurs

- nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
- excess water

materials that are not absorbed during reabsorption

secretion

urine process where it is the reabsorption in reverse

secretion

part of the urine process where some materials move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules (hydrogen and potassium ions, creatinine)

secretion

part of the urine process where materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter

ions

materials that can be reabsorbed during urine process

urochrome

urine are colored somewhat yellow due to the pigment called?

- specific gravity of 1.001-1.035

characteristics or urine used in medical diagnosis:

around 6 (varies 4.5-8)

normal pH of the urine

1.001-1.035

specific gravity of the urine

ureters

Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder

ureters

Continuous with the renal pelvis

ureters

Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder

ureter

Runs behind the peritoneum

peristalsis

aids gravity in urine transport

urinary hoadder

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine

trigone

has three openings: 2 from ureters and 1 from urethra

urinary bladder wall

three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle

urinary bladder wall

it is a mucosa made from transitional epithelium

urinary bladder wall

Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder

bladder

can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure

urethra

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis

two sphincters

in urethra, release or urine is controlled by?

external urethral sphincters

sphincters in urethra that is voluntary

internal urethral sphincters

sphincters in urethra that is involuntary

3-4 cm (1 inch)

length of female urethra

20 cm (8 inches)

length of male urethra

along wall of the vagina

location of female urethra

through prostate and penis

location of urethra in males

only carries urine

Function of the Urethra in females

carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells

function of urethra in males

micturition

or also known as voiding

micturition

Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding

T

T or F: The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed after stretching of the bladder

activation

is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord and then back via the pelvic splanchnic nerves

external urethral sphincters

urethral sphincters that must be voluntarily relaxed

50% water

Normal amount of water in young adult females

60% water

Normal amount of water in young adult males

75% water

Normal amount of water in babies

45% water

Normal amount of water in old age

water

necessary for many body functions and levels must be maintained

intracellular fluid

fluid inside the cells

extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cells

interstitial fluid and blood plasma

types of extracellular fluids

40 L, 60% body weight

total body water volume

15 L, 20% body weight

extracellular fluid volume

25 L, 40% body weight

intracellular fluid volume

12 L, 80% of ECF

interstitial fluid volume

3 L, 20% of ECF

plasma volume

changes in electrolyte balance

causes water to move from one compartment to another

F (must be equal)

T or F: Water intake must not be equal water output

- Ingested foods and fluids
- Water produced from metabolic processes

sources for water intake

- Vaporization out of the lungs
- Lost in perspiration
- Leaves the body in the feces
- Urine production

sources for water output

dilute urine

is produced if water intake is excessive

less urine

is produced if large amounts of water are lost; concentrated

T

T or F: Proper concentrations of various electrolytes must be present

hormones

regulation of water and electrolyte reabsorption is primarily by?

ADH

prevents excessive water loss in urine