VESSELS and CIRCULATION #`1

BIO 2320 USU

Vessels which carry blood from the heart and branch into smaller vessels:

Arteries

Exchange of nutrients and gasses takes place between the tissue cells and the blood in what vessels?

Capillaries

Vessels which receive blood from small branches of vessels and carry blood back to the heart:

Veins

The site where two or more arteries or veins merge to supply the same body region:

Anastomosis

Arteries that do not form anastomoses and there is only one pathway through which blood can reach an organ: (Ex: renal artery, splenic artery)

End Arteries

Vessels such as an artery and vein that travel along side each other and service the same body region:

Companion Vessels

Both arteries and veins have three layer called:

Tunics

The tunics surround the what of the blood vessel?

Lumen

The innermost layer to a blood vessel wall: (Latin for “coat” and “innermost”)

Tunica Intima

The tunica intima in veins contributes to:

One-way valves

The middle layer of the vessel wall:

Tunica Media

This layer of a blood vessel is composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin connective tissue:

Tunic Intima

This blood vessel layer is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells and may have an external elastic lamina:

Tunica Media

This type of innervation causes the smooth muscles to contract, reslutling in what?

Sympathetic Innervation, Vasoconstriction

The outermost layer of the blood vessel:

Tunica Externa

This layer of the blood vessel is composed of connective tissue that conatins elastic and collagen fibers: (Latin for “coat” and “outermost”)

Tunica Externa

Which vessel layer is the thickest in arteries, and which is the thickest in veins?

Tunica Media, Tunica Externa

Why do arteries tend to keep their shape, while veins collapse from lack of blood?

Artieries tend to have more elastic and collagen fibers helping them spring back to shape no matter the circumstance.

The only layer of Capillaries, and this layer consists of a basment membrane and enothelium:

Tunica Intima

The fluid surrounding the tissue cells:

Interstitial Fluid

The largest type of artery:

Elastic Artery

What is the diameter of an elastic artery?

1-2.5 centimeters

Blood in the arterial system is propelled by what two things?

Ventricular systole, and Elastic Recoil of arterial walls

What are the examples of Elastic Arteries? (6)

Aorta, Pulmonary, Brachiocephalic, Common Carotid, Subclavian, Common Iliac Arteries

Elastic arteries branch into:

Muscular Artieries!

Muscular arteries typically have diameters ranging from:

1 centimeter to 3 millimeters

Most of the named arteries are:

Muscular Arteries

Type of artery that has a thicker tunica media, with mustliple layers of smooth muscle to give better ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate:

Muscular Arteries

The elalstic fibers in the Muscular Arteries are condined to what between the tunics?

Laminar Rings

The smallest arteries:

Arterioles

What is the diameter of an arteriole?

3 millimeters to 10 micrometers

Blood vessel that has the greatest effect on regulating blood pressure:

Arterioles

The smallest blood vessels, and connect the arterioles to venules: (Latin for “relating to hairs”)

Capillaries

What is the avergae capillary diameter?

8-10 micrometers

What is the average diameter of an erythrocyte?

7 micrometers

Disease that causes blocakges and infarctions in body organs (spleen and brain)

Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle Cell Disease is caused by inheritience of what gene for abnormal hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin-S

These are the functional units of the cardiovascular system:

Capillaries

The most common type of capillaries, where endothelial cells form a complete, continuous lining and are connected by tight junctions:

Continuous Capillaries

Materials can pass through the endothelial cells of capillaries or through what to form the surrounding interstitial fluid?

Intercellular Clefts

Capillaries that have fenestrations within each endothelial vell, but the basement membrane remains intact: (Latin for “window”)

Fenestrated Capillaries

Wider, larger capillaries with openings that allow for transport of larger materials, such as proteins or cells: (Latin for “cavity” and “appearance”)

Sinusoids

These drain capillaries and return blood to the heart:

Veins

At rest, the body’s veins hold about what percentage of the body’s blood?

60%

This type of blood vessel functions as “blood resevoirs”:

Veins

Where are Fenestrated capillaries found?

Intestines, Endocrine Glands, Kidneys

where are Sinusoids found?

Spleen, anterior pituitary, liver, and bone marrow

The smallest veins:

Venules

What is the diameter of venules?

8-100 micrometers

Smaller veins travel with what type of artery? What about larger veins?

Muscular Arteries, Elastic Arteries

Process where nearby skeletal muscles squeeze veins when they shorten and contract, to help blood pump to the heart:

Skeletal Muscle Pump

When breathing rate increases, such as when a person of exercising, blood is moved more quickly back to the heart with the assistance of the:

Respiratory Pump

Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle of the heart and enters the:

Ascending Aorta

These arteries emerge immediately from the ascending aorta and supply the heart:

Left and Right Coronary Arteries

The ascending aorta curves towards the left side of the body ad becomes the:

Aortic Arch

What are the three main branches that emerge from the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid Artery, Left Subclavian Artery

Chest trauma or high blood pressure causing tearing between the tunica intima and tunica media:

Aortic Dissections

What percentage or Aortic Dissections are fatal?

90%

a severe, often fatal, full-thickness tear of all three layers of the aorta, usually caused by high-energy trauma like vehicle collisions or severe deceleration:

Aortic Transection

What does DRT stand for relating to an Aortic Transection?

Dead Right There

These arteries supply most of the blood to the head and neck:

Left and Right Common Carotid Arteries

Interuption of blood flow to the Common Carotid arteries could cause:

Loss of Consciousness

Which arteries are most reliable for pulse detection?

Left and Right Common Carotid Arteries

The common carotid arteries at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage burficate into:

Internal and External Carotid Arteries

This artery supplies structures external to the skull:

External Carotid Artery

This artery supplies structures internal to the skull:

Internal Carotid Artery

A structural component of the common carotid arteries that contains pressure sensors which monitor blood pressure:

Carotid Sinus

The pressure sensors within the carotid sinus:

Baroreceptors

The artery most commonly involved in epidural hematomas:

Middle Meningeal Artery

The middle meningeal artery branhces off of which artery?

Maxillary Artery

The maxillary artery is an extension of what specific artery?

External Carotid Artery

The middle meningeal artery travles through which foramen, to supply blood to what structure?

Foramen Spinosum, Dura Mater

Thin area of the skull that lies directly over the middle meningeal artery:

Pterion

what bones form the Pterion?

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Sphenoid

Sheath that extends from the base of the skull to the first rib and the sternum:

Carotid Sheath

What does the Carotid Sheath contain?

CN X, Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein

Infection of the mouth or cervical region spreading inferiorly along the carotid sheath to incolve the infection of the mediastinum called:

Mediastinitis

Another name for the carotid sheath because of its role in spread of infection:

“Lincoln Highway of the Neck”

Branch of the External Carotid Artery that pulsates vigorously when a person has a headache:

Superficial Temporal Artery

The internal carotid artery branches only after it enters the skull through the:

Carotid Canal

These emerge from the subclavian arteries and travel through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae:

Vertebral Arteries

The vertebral arteries enter the skull through what foramen, where they merge to form what artery?

Foramen Magnum, Basilar Artery

An important anastomosis of arteries around the sella turcica:

Circle of Willis

What is the Scientific name for the “Circle of Willis”?

Cerebro Arterial Circle

Blood flow to the circle of willis is contributed by the inflow of blood from branches of what arteries?

Vertebral arteries and Carotid arteries

The Cerebro Arterial Circle equalized blood pressure int he brain and can provide what if one vessel becomes blocked?

Redundancy

Another name for the Left and Right Internal Thoracic Arteries:

Internal Mammary Arteries

These arteries arise from each subcalvian artery to supply the mammary glands and anterior thoracic wall:

Internal Thoracic Arteries

The cardiac surgeon’s blood vessel of choice for coronary artery bypass grafting:

Left Internal Thoracic Artery

The aortic arch curves and projects inferiorly as the:

Descending Thoracic Aorta

Tiny branches from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta:

Bronchial Arteries

Arteries that emerge from the anterior wall of the descending throacic aorta to supply the esophagus:

Esiphageal Arteries

This artery supplies atrial blood tot he abdominal portion of the esophagus: (not the esophageal artery*)

Left Gastric Artery

What are the three vessels that supply the diaphram?

Superior Phrenic Arteries, Musculophrenic Artieries (branch of subclavian!), Inferior Phrenic Arteries

When the Descending Thoracic Aorta extends past the diaphram, it is called:

Descending Abdominal Aorta

Located immediatley inferior to the aortic opening of the diaphragm: (Greek for “belly”)

Celiac Trunk

The largest autonomic nerve plexus, which surrounds the celiac trunk:

Celiac Plexus or Solar Plexus

The 3 branches of the Celiac Trunk:

Splenic Artery, Left Gasticm Artery, Common Hepatic Artery

This artery supplies the less curvature of the stomach ad extends some branches to teh esophagus:

Left Gastric Artery

This artery supplies the spleen, part of the stomach, and the pancreas:

Splenic Artery