C1-C2 Level Vocabulary Flashcards

A complete set of vocabulary terms from pages 1 to 4 of the C1-C2 level lecture notes, covering definitions and synonyms grounded in the transcript.

address

To deal with or tackle a problem or situation.

beautify

To adorn or grace something to make it more beautiful.

differentiate

To distinguish or recognize the difference between two or more things.

drive

To force or compel someone or something toward a specific action.

gratification

A feeling of satisfaction or pleasure.

impulsive

Acting or done without forethought; rash or impetuous.

inconsiderate

Lacking thought for others; thoughtless or selfish.

innovative

Being creative, inventive, or imaginative in thought or action.

irrigation

The supply of water to land or crops to help growth.

mindfulness

The quality or state of being conscious or aware of something.

repetitive

Containing or characterized by repetition; repetitious.

replicate

To copy or duplicate something exactly.

restrictive

Imposing restrictions on someone's activities or freedom; limited.

self-esteem

A person's overall sense of self-worth or self-confidence.

stable

Secure, steady, and not likely to change or fail.

tedious

Monotonous, boring, and too long or slow.

unaffordable

Too expensive for people to be able to pay for or buy.

urge

A strong desire or impulse to do something.

adaptability

The quality of being able to adjust to new conditions; flexibility.

cooperation

The process of working together to the same end; collaboration.

designated

Appointed or assigned to a specified office or post.

diplomacy

The profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations.

drawback

A feature that renders something less acceptable; a disadvantage.

employability

The set of skills or qualities that make a person fit for paid work.

impose

To force something to be accepted or put in place.

navigate

To handle or successfully move through a difficult situation.

openness

The quality of being receptive to new ideas or information.

outweigh

To be heavier, greater, or more significant than something else.

stereotype

A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

inconvenience

A cause of trouble, difficulty, or annoyance.

flawless

Without any imperfections or defects; perfect.

idealised

Regarded or represented as perfect or better than in reality.

insecure

Lacking self-confidence or feeling unconfident.

opt

To make a choice from a range of possibilities; to select.

perspective

A particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a viewpoint.

undermine

To lessen the effectiveness, power, or ability of something; to weaken.

collective

Done by people acting as a group; joint.

commercialism

An emphasis on the maximizing of profit.

enforce

To compel observance of or compliance with a law or rule; to implement.

engagement

The state of being involved or participating in something.

enhance

To intensify, increase, or further improve the quality or value of something.

infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society.

obsolete

No longer produced or used; outdated or old-fashioned.

overshadow

To appear much more prominent or important than something else; to eclipse.

reenact

To act out a past event or scenario again.

respiratory

Relating to or affecting respiration or the organs of breathing.

restrict

To put a limit on or keep under control.

revive

To restore to life or consciousness; to bring back to popularity or use.

significance

The quality of being worthy of attention; importance.

spark

To provide the stimulus for a sudden activity or development; to trigger.

subsidy

A sum of money granted by the government to assist an industry or business.

vibrant

Full of energy and enthusiasm; exciting and brilliant.

destructive

Causing great and irreparable harm or damage.

devastating

Highly destructive or damaging; disastrous.

open-minded

Willing to consider new ideas; tolerant and broad-minded.

bypass

To avoid or go around something.

competence

The ability to do something successfully or efficiently; capability.

compulsive

Resulting from or relating to an irresistible urge.

consistency

Conformity in the application of something; steadfastness.

emergence

The process of coming into being or becoming important; appearance.

enemy

A person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something; a foe.

ethically

In a way that relates to moral principles.

evolve

To develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

frustrated

Feeling or expressing distress and annoyance; annoyed.

genuine

Truly what something is said to be; authentic and sincere.

ignorance

Lack of knowledge, information, or education.

innovation

The action or process of innovating; creativity and novelty.

plagiarism

The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

positive

Constructive, optimistic, or confident.

proceeds

Money obtained from an event or activity.

prompt

An act of assisting or encouraging; a cue or hint.

reliance

Dependence on or trust in someone or something.

resistance

The refusal to accept or comply with something; opposition or defiance.

scam

A dishonest scheme; a fraud.

scammer

A person who commits a dishonest scheme to defraud others.

sustainability

The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

undeniably

Used to emphasize that something cannot be denied or disputed; undoubtedly.

unimaginable

Difficult or impossible to imagine or comprehend; inconceivable.

verify

To make sure or demonstrate that something is true or accurate; to confirm.

vulnerable

Susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm; fragile.

wisely

In a way that shows experience, knowledge, and good judgment; prudently.

contaminate

To make something impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance.

counteract

To act against something in order to reduce its force or neutralize it.

cyberbully

A person who uses the internet or mobile phones to deliberately upset someone.

decompose

To make or become rotten; to decay or cause to decay.

degradation

The condition or process of degrading or being degraded; the deterioration of something.

dumping

The disposal of waste or unwanted material in an irresponsible manner.

dweller

A person or animal that lives in or at a specified place; an inhabitant.

eco-conscious

Feeling a sense of responsibility to protect the environment.

enact

To make into law or put into practice.

escalation

A rapid increase or rise; intensification.

ever-changing

Changing all the time; not static.

garment

An item of clothing.

instability

The state of being unstable; lack of stability or security.

integration

The action or process of integrating or combining into a whole.

maritime

Connected with the sea, especially in relation to seaborne trade or naval matters.

microplastic

Extremely small pieces of plastic debris in the environment resulting from the disposal and breakdown of consumer products.

neglect

The state or fact of being uncared for; to ignore or fail to care for properly.

opaque

Not able to be seen through; not transparent or unclear.

perpetuate

To make something continue indefinitely; to sustain or maintain.