Pharmacology Chapters 6 and 7

Structures of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Anesthetic drugs contraindicated in uremic patients

Rompun and Ketaset.

Three categories of renal damage

Prerenal, renal, and postrenal.

Primary mechanism of diuretics

Increase urine volume and sodium excretion to remove excess extracellular fluid.

Supplement given with loop diuretics

Potassium (K).

Examples of potassium-sparing diuretics

Spironolactone and triamterene.

Example of an osmotic diuretic

Mannitol.

Action of ACE inhibitors

Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Purpose of urinary acidifiers

Produce acid urine to dissolve and prevent struvite uroliths.

Effect of chronic renal failure on erythropoietin

Decreases production, as erythropoietin is produced in the renal cortex.

Site of action for loop diuretics like furosemide

They inhibit tubular reabsorption of sodium in the loops of Henle.

Beta-adrenergic blocker for hypertension in renal failure

Propranolol.

Drug class of Enalapril

ACE inhibitor.

Site of ADH secretion

Posterior pituitary gland.

Anesthetic risk for renal failure patients

They are at a greater anesthetic risk than normal patients.

Functional roles of the two heart pumps

Right side pumps to lungs; left side pumps to systemic circulation.

Ion movements during cardiac cell depolarization

Rapid sodium influx, slower calcium influx, and potassium outflow.

Purpose of the long cardiac refractory period

Prevents a constant state of contraction from recycling impulses.

Chronotropic vs. Inotropic

Chronotropic affects heart rate; inotropic affects force of contraction.

Preload

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

Afterload

The arterial resistance that the ventricles must overcome to pump blood.

Preferred drug for cardiac arrest

Epinephrine.

Class IA antiarrhythmic examples

Quinidine and procainamide.

Class IB antiarrhythmic examples

Lidocaine, tocainide, and mexiletine.

Class II antiarrhythmic examples

Propranolol and atenolol.

Class III antiarrhythmic examples

Bretylium, amiodarone, and sotalol.

Class IV antiarrhythmic examples

Diltiazem and verapamil.

Hydralazine drug class

Arteriolar dilator.

Nitroglycerin drug class

Venodilator.

Prazosin drug class

Mixed vasodilator.

Precautions when applying nitroglycerin ointment

Wear gloves, rotate application sites, and do not pet application area.

Hypokalemia

An abnormally low potassium level in the blood.

Primary goals of dietary heart disease management

Sodium restriction and maintaining optimal body weight.