Neurodevelopmental and Clinical Psychology Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering neurodevelopmental disorders, diagnostic criteria, models of disability, anxiety types, and clinical formulation factors based on the lecture transcript.

Neurodiversity

The natural variation in neurobiology across humans.

Neurodivergence

A neurotype that differs from the neurotypical majority.

Identity‑first language

The preferred language shift representing autism as an identity (e.g., “autistic person”) rather than a deficit or disorder.

Level 1 Severity (Autism)

A classification indicating the individual requires support.

Level 2 Severity (Autism)

A classification indicating the individual requires substantial support.

Level 3 Severity (Autism)

A classification indicating the individual requires very substantial support.

Māori Autism Prevalence

An estimated prevalence of $2.7\%$ among Māori children compared to approximately $2\%$ in the general population.

Medical Model

A disability model where the problem is located within the person.

Social Model

A disability model where disability arises from environmental barriers.

Theory of Mind

The ability to read social cues and understand others' perspectives, which is often a challenge in social communication differences.

Stimming

Repetitive behaviours used for regulation, which can include echolalia.

SPINs

Special interests characterized by deep, passionate focus.

Autism Gender Ratio

The updated diagnostic ratio is $\text{1 girl : 2 boys}$.

Masking

Hiding authentic behaviours to fit social expectations.

Camouflaging

The act of copying neurotypical behaviours.

MIGDAS‑2

One of the standardised tools used in the assessment process for Autism.

Anxiety

A future-oriented mood state involving worry and tension, or a present-oriented fear response.

Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

Excessive fear of separation from attachment figures lasting $4+$ weeks in children or $6+$ months in adults.

Selective Mutism (SM)

The consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite being able to speak in others.

Specific Phobia

Marked, persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger, lasting $6+$ months.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of social situations involving scrutiny and negative evaluation lasting $6+$ months.

Taijin kyofusho

A cultural variant of Social Anxiety Disorder.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least $1$ month of persistent concern about further attacks.

Agoraphobia

Fear of $2$ or more situations where escape or help might be difficult, such as open spaces or crowds.

One‑Session Treatment (OST)

A specific treatment approach for phobias involving intensive gradual exposure.

Pharmacological criteria (Substance Use)

Symptom cluster in DSM‑5 involving markers such as tolerance and withdrawal.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of external stimuli.

Delusions

Fixed false beliefs maintained despite contradictory evidence.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A psychotic episode lasting between $1$ day and $1$ month.

Schizophreniform Disorder

A psychotic disorder with symptoms lasting less than $6$ months.

Schizoaffective Disorder

A disorder involving both mood disorder symptoms and psychosis.

Schizophrenia

A condition requiring $\ge 6$ months of continuous disturbance including psychosis and functional impairment.

Negative Symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia such as reduced motivation (avolition), speech (alogia), and flat emotional expression.

Predisposing Factors

Elements that increase a person's vulnerability to a condition, such as genetic loading or temperament.

Precipitating Factors

Triggers that act as the catalyst for the onset or escalation of a condition, such as a school transition or trauma.

Maintaining Factors

Biological, psychological, or social factors that reinforce or keep a problem going, such as avoidance cycles.

ERP

Exposure and Response Prevention; the primary psychological intervention for OCD.

Habit Reversal Training

A key psychological intervention used for treating Tics.

Functional Analysis

The assessment of Antecedents, Behaviour, and Consequences (ABC) to understand the triggers and reinforcements of behaviour.