history prompts- FINALS

why was the election of 1800 described as a revolution?

marked the 1st peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties in US history, reversing federalist policies without violence

describe the transition from the federalists to the republicans

shift of elite, centralized rule to a more democratic, agrarian focused government

explain the significance of marybury v madison + summarize the events which brought this case to the supreme court, how did they rule it?

established the principle of judicial review, confirming the supreme courts power to declare acts of Congress, and executive actions unconstitutional, it firmly established the judiciary as an equal, 3rd branch of government. arose when John Adams appointed several justices of the peace, including amrbury, just leaving office in 1801. their commissions were signed but not delivers, and the new secretary of state, James Madison, refused to deliver them. marybury sued in the supreme court for a writ of mandamus to compel delivery. the court lacked the authority to force its delivery, unconstitutional

what was the embargo act of 1807?

prohibited all US ships from trading with foreign nations, aiming to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality during the Napoleonic wars

what event prompted the embargo act of 1807?

chesapeake-leopard affair where a british ship attacked a US vessel, and ongoing British impressment of American sailors.

how did the embargo act affect the US?

economy-caused exports to drop by 75% and failed to shift European policies, leading to its repeal in 1809

describe the major achievements of American foreign policy from 1814-1823

settlement of the war of 1812, anglo-american cooperation, acquisition of Florida and improved Spanish relations, diplomatic recognition of latin America, the Monroe doctrine, the russian boundary treaty

what sectional divisions led to the Missouri compromise?

balance of power, the Tallmadge amendment and westward expansion

what were the 3 points made in the missouri compromise?

missouri was a slave state, Maine was a free state and the 36 30 parallel boundary

describe the Adam onis treaty

landmark agreement between US and Spain that included florida cession, border definition, Texas/west boundary, Pacific Northwest and financial claims

what was the Adam onis treaty known as?

the transcontinental treaty

describe the aftermath of the destruction of the federalists

the era of good feelings

how did the election of 1824 effect the parties?

breakdown of party policies, the corrupt bargain and the 2nd party system

what was the corrupt bargain?

a deal between Henry clay and John Quincy Adams, clay secured Adams spot as president. during the election of 1824, which resulted in Adams appointing clay secretary of state.

did the corrupt bargain work?

yes and no. politically, the accusations ruined the administration

what was clays plan for the proceeds from the western land sales?

planned to use the proceeds from federal western land sales to fund internal improvements (bridges + canals + financed roads)

what was the webster-ashburton treaty?

1842 agreement between the US and GB that resolved long-standing disputes between the US and now canada, established the northeastern border of the US

explain how Texas gained its independence

“remember the Alamo”, goliad, and San jacinto battle. Mexican forces besieged the alamo in San Antonio, capturing Santa anna.

what was manifest destiny?

idea that the US was divenely ordained to expand its dominion and democracy across the continent. it will happen, it was given by God

who were the candidates in the election of 1844, who won?

jams Polk and Henry clay. Polk won

how did the US acquire oregon?

oregon treaty, established the US and Canadian border at the 49th parallel, granting US control over the south of that line

how did the US get into a war with Mexico?

border dispute, Polk delayed troops between the Rio grande and nueces river, where Mexican troops engaged his troops. he used this to declare war.

what the US strategy in the war?

3 pronged attack: Taylor from the south of TX, Kearny west of CA< Scott lands in vera Cruz + takes Mexico city

what were the provisions of the treaty of Guadalupe?

mexico ceded states and the Rio grande was the TX border

why did slavery once again become an issue?

westward expansion, following the mexican-american war, led to debates whether the new territories should allow slavery.

what was wilmot proviso?

unsuccessful proposal by David wilmot to ban slavery in territorya acquired from Mexico during the mexican-american war

describe the election of 1848

zachary Taylor (democrat), lewis cass (wig party), Martin van Buren (free soil), dominated the question whether slavery should be allowed in the states acquired after the mexican-american war. Zachary won.

discuss the gold rush of 1849

mirgration sparked by the discovery of golf at Sutters hill. brought prospectors in CA (mostly males) which restores San fransisco + CA

what were some of the “plots” discussed to expand American power outside the US?

overthrow of foreign government, assassination plots and acquisition of territories.

what were the views of stephan a douglas?

promoted popular sovereignty, national expansion, infrastructure, didnt care if slavery was voted up or down but believed that America was built for and by white men.

what happened in the election of 1852?

democrat Franklin Pierce defeated whig general Winfield scott

what were the main events leading up to the kansas-nebraska act?

the need to organize western territories, the need for a east to west route, Missouri compromise, westward expansion, CA gold rush, and the compromise of 1850.

what were the provisions of the kansas-nebraska act and what was the resulting impact on the north?

created 2 new territories and mandated that the status of slavery in them would be decided by popular soverignty

describe the birth of the Republican party

made of anti-slavery activists in response to the kansas-nebraska act

what led to bleeding Kansas?

kansas-nebraska act allowing white male settlers in the territory via popular sovereignty whether Kansas would enter the union as a free or slave state

who were the candidates and what were the issues in the election of 1856?

james Buchanan, John Fremont, and Millard fillmore. problem: expansion of slavery from the kansas-nebraska act

what the lecompton constitution?

document drafted by pro-slavery advocates to admit Kansas to the union. it protected current slavery and banned free black people

why were the Lincoln douglas debates held and what were the views of each man?

fight for the Senate seat of Illinois. George Washington: promoted natural rights + no slavery expansion. Stephen Douglas: popular sovereignty + white supremacy + Freeport doctrine

who was John brown and what did he do at harpers ferry?

american abolitionist who believed the only way to stop slavery was through violence. seized federal Amory and arsenal

who were the nominees and what were the issues in the election of 1860? what was the result?

abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglas, John breckingridge, John bell. republicans: opposed slavery expansion. northern democrats: supported popular sovereignty. southern democrats: wanted federal protection over slavery. unionists: ignored it

what are the reasons garraty gives for southern secession?

the election of Abraham Lincoln, preceived northern aggression, and states rights + southern inequality