Social Problems Test #2

The 3 Healthcare systems used by developed countries

Socialist system

Capitalist system

Direct-fee system

Socialist system

Government-run (Russia & China), the government owns healthcare facilities, employs healthcare providers, and funds services entirely through taxation, providing care free at the point of use. It prioritizes universal access as a fundamental right over profit. The doctors are Non-lucrative/low wages.

• Consequences: not great technology, no top specialists, and long wait times unless injury/illness is immediatley life threatening.

• It doesn’t even level the playing field between the rich and the poor, as the wealthy just go to other countries to access better health care.

Capitalist system

Has both private and public options for healthcare; everyone has access to healthcare. Its a hybrid system that combines private-sector providers with public regulation and financing.

• Social consequences of the market system in healthcare are that there is a long wait time for public options; therefore, the wealthy do better, as they have private options.

Direct-fee system

Originally meant that if the doctor or hospital billed the patient directly, they compete for customers, keeping high-quality care at a low price. However, this has shifted and currently means a system where patients or their insurance pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals. The system relies heavily on third-party payers (private insurance), where "cost-sharing" requires patients to pay deductibles and co-pays.

• Key features include high medical innovation and responsiveness, often balanced with high costs, significant disparities in access, and prioritizing financial gain over equal access to care

Differences in causes of death by a societies or countries income level

High-income nations: most people die from chronic terminal conditions such as heart disease or cancer as a result of lifestyle choices or age. People die at an old age, after age 75.

• Low infant mortality

• High life expectancy

Low-income nations: Can die at any age, mostly from acute illnesses/diseases such as malaria, cholera, or measles, resulting from microorganisms or parasites in the unclean drinking water, and or malnutrition/starvation. Most people don’t survive to adulthood.

• High infant mortality

• Low life expectancy

The two world economic systems

capitalism & socialism

capitalism

3 Essential Components:

1. Private ownership

2. Market competition

3. Pursuit of profit

Formula: money - commodity - money

Characteristics & Ideology:

Disparities between rich and poor, people are taught to think/behavior in their own self-interest, focus on providing equal opportunities to all, believe competition leads to success (higher productivity), have more inventions & innovations as it can earn money, greatest amount of civil liberties.

socialism

3 Essential Components:

1. Public/collective ownership (all owned by the government)

2. Central planning instead of competition, centrally planned economy

3. Distribution of goods and services

   • Goal is to provide citizens with needs (fewer choices), without motive (goal isn’t to make money)

Formula: commodity - money - commodity

The U.S. two-party system: Democrats and Republicans

Democrats

Have become more left in recent years and less moderate. They are associated in the public mind as the party of the working class, disenfranchised and marginalized, also liberal, open-minded, and progressive.

• They believe that the government is fully responsible for citizens’ social welfare, public assistance, and aid supported on local, state, and national levels.

• Trumps states level support one large centralized government

• Same laws everywhere, the rules are the same in every state

• All states have access to the same pot of money

  • Fund through taxes, higher taxes, progressive taxation, so more money = more tax, less money = less tax

Republicans

Have become more right-wing in recent years and less moderate. They are associated in the public mind as the party of the wealthy, white-collar, educated, and conservative.

• They believe that the federal government is responsible to provide means, avenue, and infrastructure to suceed but it’s up to the individual to seize it or not.

• State-level assistance, private organizations, local charities, and families can help those in poverty.

• State rights trump federal rights, to give more choice to citizens and states incentives to improve their government and economy

• Support flat taxes, everyone gets the same tax rate because everyone benefits from what taxes fund, low taxes.

Conservatives and Liberals; leaning-right and leaning-left

Conservatives

View the past as having a library of knowledge; many things past generations went through are applicable today.

• There is harm in too much tolerance and acceptance, cause then where do you draw the line? If you do, we tolerate everything

• For poverty, we must fix people through instilling a strong work ethic; we currently have a socialization problem on an individual level.

• The economy is good; those at the top put in the most effort, so the economy rewards them.

Liberals

Believe that we need to be free from the past when deciding the question of how to live today, do not look to the past for answers as our set of conditions are completely new.

Leaning right

Leaning left

Types of marriages and marriage patterns

Different ways to classify and organize family

Cohabitation

No Fault divorce

divorce before No Fault

Wife-work

Who does what in heterosexual marriage: reproductive/productive labor, routine household

labor/occasional labor

Gatekeeping

Education versus Schooling

Education

Schooling

Herbert Gans 5 types of Urban Dwellers

The 5 types of societies in Sociocultural Evolution

hunting & gathering, pastoral & horticultural, agricultural or agrarian, industrial, post-industrial

hunting & gathering

pastoral & horticultural

agricultural or agrarian

industrial

post-industrial

Gemeinschaft (Ferdinand Tonnies)

Gesellschaft (Ferdinand Tonnies)

Mechanical Solidarity (Emile Durkheim)

Organic Solidarity (Emile Durkheim)

Malthus Theorem

The 3 categories the world is stratified into globally

most-industrial, industrializing, least industrialized

most-industrial

industrializing

Least-industrialized

The 3 theories on how the world became stratified

colonialism, world systems, culture of poverty

colonialism

world systems

culture of poverty

The 2 theories on how stratification is maintained

neocolonialism and multinational corporations (transnational corporations)

neocolonialism

multinational corporations (transnational corporations)

The 3 types of stratification systems at the societal level

caste, class, slavery

caste

class

slavery

Variables demographers use to calculate the growth rate of a population

The 7 causes of war

War and terrorism explained by the 3 sociological perspectives

The difference between war and terrorism

War

Terrorism