Intro to Cell Biology - Exam 3 vocab

Mitosis

Cell division that produces genetically identical daughter cells

Meiosis

Cell division that halves ploidy number (n=2 turns into n) and produces gametes that are genetically distinct

Cytokinesis

Cell division that occurs after mitosis

Autosomes

Every individual species has regardless of sex

Homologues (Homologous chromosomes)

Different copies of the same chromosome

Telomere

At the end of a chromosome; no genes here; provides “real estate’ to lose during replication (prevents chromosome from being one giant molecule)

Centromere

Where microtubules will attach during mitosis; no genes here

Replication

Using DNA as a template to synthesize DNA products = identical to parent molecules

The mitotic spindle

Separates sister chromatids

Dynein

Pull towards centrosomes

Aneuploid

When you have an uneven number of chromosomes; drives cancerous events

Anaphase

The phase where sister chromatids separate

Mitotic reproduction

Clonal, everything is the same

Meiotic reproduction

Sexual reproduction, and all offspring is different

Meiosis I

Separates homologous chromosomes (which are made of a pair of sister chromatids); reduction division

Meiosis II

Separates sister chromatids (most similar to mitosis)

Interkinesis

Centrosome duplicate (in between meiosis I & II)

Synapsis

Forming Tetrad in Prophase I

Transcription

Making RNA; using DNA as a template to make RNA

Translation

Making proteins; using mRNA as a template to make a polypeptide

Replication

Copying DNA; using DNA as a template to make complimentary DNA

DNA

Polymer of nucleotides (deoxyribonucleic acids)

RNA

Polymer of ribonucleotides (ribonucleic acids)

Nucleotide

Monomer of DNA

Phosphodiester bond

Covalent bond; joins adjacent NTs on the same strand

Central Dogma

Model for information flow out of the database

Genes

DNA that encodes RNA or a polypeptide (protein)

Genome

All DNA in an organism (or organelle)

Transcriptome

All the RNA in a cell, tissue, organ, organism, etc.; wildly dynamic

Protenome

All the proteins in a cell, tissue, organ, organism, etc.; changes rapidly

Interactome

All the protein-protein interactions in a cell, tissue, organ, organism, etc.

Template

DNA that is being copied via cBP

DNA polymerases

Enzymes that synthesize DNA using DNA as a template & dNTPs as the building blocks

Primase

8-12 nucleotides that provide the 1st OH for DNA polymerases to retend

Helicase

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix (i.e. separates/denatures the strands)

Topoisomerase

Cuts, swivel, rejoin; unravels