Functional Groups and pKa Values

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Last updated 4:11 AM on 4/24/26
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30 Terms

1
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Alkane

A saturated (only single bonds and maximum number of hydrogens) hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms.

<p>A saturated (only single bonds and maximum number of hydrogens) hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms. </p>
2
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Alkene

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms

<p>An unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms</p>
3
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Alkyne

An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

<p>An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. </p>
4
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Nitrile

A compound containing a cyano group (–C≡N) attached to a carbon atom (carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen)

<p>A compound containing a cyano group (–C≡N) attached to a carbon atom (carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen)</p>
5
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Ether

A class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom single-bonded to two alkyl groups.

<p>A class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom single-bonded to two alkyl groups. </p>
6
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Arene

At least one aromatic ring (meaning it has delocalized electrons that makes it very stable). The electrons are shared evenly, but we draw this with alternating carbon double bonds

<p>At least one aromatic ring (meaning it has delocalized electrons that makes it very stable). The electrons are shared evenly, but we draw this with alternating carbon double bonds</p>
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Carboxylic Acid

  1. A compound with a carbonyl group (carbon double bonded to oxygen, C=O)

  2. And a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the same carbon

<ol><li><p>A compound with a carbonyl group (carbon double bonded to oxygen, C=O) </p></li><li><p>And a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the same carbon</p></li></ol><p></p>
8
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Ester

  1. Compound with a carbonyl group

  2. And an oxygen atom that is bonded to the same carbon and an alkyl group

<ol><li><p>Compound with a carbonyl group</p></li><li><p>And an oxygen atom that is bonded to the same carbon and an alkyl group</p></li></ol><p></p>
9
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Amide

  1. Carbonyl group

  2. And the same carbon bonded to a nitrogen atom (the rest attached to nitrogen does not matter)

<ol><li><p>Carbonyl group</p></li><li><p>And the same carbon bonded to a nitrogen atom (the rest attached to nitrogen does not matter)</p></li></ol><p></p>
10
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Ketone

  1. Carbonyl group

  2. The same carbon single bonded to two more carbon atoms

<ol><li><p>Carbonyl group</p></li><li><p>The same carbon single bonded to two more carbon atoms</p></li></ol><p></p>
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Alcohol

A hydroxyl functional group (-OH) bonded to a saturated (only single bonds and maximum hydrogens) carbon atom

<p>A hydroxyl functional group (-OH) bonded to a saturated (only single bonds and maximum hydrogens) carbon atom</p>
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Amine

Ammonia NH3, but one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by an alkyl group

<p>Ammonia NH3, but one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by an alkyl group</p>
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Alkyl halide

A halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) single bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom of an alkyl group

<p>A halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) single bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom of an alkyl group</p>
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Epoxide

A 3 member ring containing one oxygen and two carbon atoms

<p>A 3 member ring containing one oxygen and two carbon atoms</p>
15
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Thiol

An alkyl group bonded to a sulfhydryl group (-SH) (similar to an alcohol group but with sulfur)

<p>An alkyl group bonded to a sulfhydryl group (-SH) (similar to an alcohol group but with sulfur)</p>
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Phenol

A hydroxyl group directly bonded to an aromatic ring (evenly distributed electrons, alternating double bonds), not necessarily just one ring

<p>A hydroxyl group directly bonded to an aromatic ring (evenly distributed electrons, alternating double bonds), not necessarily just one ring</p>
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Aldehyde

  1. Carbonyl group

  2. The same carbon bonded to at least one hydrogen atom

<ol><li><p>Carbonyl group</p></li><li><p>The same carbon bonded to at least one hydrogen atom</p></li></ol><p></p>
18
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HCl pKa

-7

19
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Hydronium pKa

0

20
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Carboxylic acid pKa

5

21
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Ammonium (NH4+) pKa

9

22
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Phenol pKa

10

23
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Thiol pKa

11

24
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Protonated amine and its pKa

  1. An amine that has gained a proton (H+) on the nitrogen atom, number of R groups depends on the number in original amine (same number)

  2. pKa is 11

25
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Water pKa

14

26
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Alcohol pKa

17

27
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Alkyne pKa

26

28
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Ammonia (NH3) pKa

36

29
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Methane pKa

60

30
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things to add

strong acids, types of aprotic and protic solvents,