Linguistics Quiz 2

utterances, language

Children hear __________, but learn __________ rules

taught

Language is acquired (learned naturally) not _________

Babbling

4 months to 1 year (or to 18 months)

holophrase

One-word/sign stage, 1-1.5 years

Two-word utterance

(beginning of syntax) 2 years

Telegraphic speech/sign

2 to 3 years

Adult-like speech/sign

between 3 and 4 years old

holophrase

one word

neurolinguistics

Is the study of language located in the brain

parietal lobe

primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain. also involved in the perception of body awareness and the construction of a spatial coordinate system (mental map) to represent the world around us.

frontal lobe

important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions. Executive functions refer to a collection of cognitive skills including the capacity to plan, organise, initiate, self-monitor and control one's responses in order to achieve a goal.

Occipital Lobe

the visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.

temporal lobe

most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory. The temporal lobes are also believed to play an important role in processing affect/emotions, language, and certain aspects of visual perception.

left hemisphere

Language is largely located in the

the penifield test

cutting the corpus collosum to reduce seizures for some people with grand mal seizures epilepsy

RIGHT VISUAL FIELD

Information in your ___________________goes through your LEFT hemisphere

LEFT VISUAL FIELD

Information in your_______________goes through your RIGHT hemisphere

corpus collosum

a bundle of nerve fibers that serve as a bridge

5

how many aphasias are there in

Brocas Aphasia

Location: Left frontal lobe (brocas area) | Effect: difficulty producing speech; comprehension mostly intact speech is slow and effortful, Speaks very little, halting effortful speech, speech lacks inflections, pronunciation generally ok, painfully aware of disorder

Wernickes Aphasia

Location: Left temporal lobe (Wernickes area) | Effect: Fluent but meaningless speech; poor comprehension; difficulty understanding language, Normal talkativenesss, normal grammatical elements present, normal inflections used, seemingly unaware of disorder, reading and writing are semantically impaired, people dont understand you, Brain swells

Global Aphasia

| Location: extensive damage to left hemisphere (both brocas and wernickes areas) | Effect: Severe impairments in both speech production and comprehension

Conduction Aphasia

| Location: Left arcuate fasciculus (connects Brocas and Wernickes area) | Effect: can understand and speak but struggle to repeat words or sentences, Can not repeat aloud what he or she hears, spontaneous speech often meaningless, fluent jargon, comprehension of spoken and written material remains intact

Anomic Aphasia

| Location: Various areas in the left hemisphere (often parietal or temporal) | Effect: trouble finding words, especially nouns; speech is fluent and comprehension good, difficulty naming objects, normal comprehension, nearly normal speaking in spontaneous speech, patient is aware of impairment and is generally depressed about it

word deafness

comprehension impaired only for spoken language, ability to hear non-linguistic sounds is ok, comprehension of written information is normal, speaking and writing are ok

linguistic rules

children hear/see utterances, but extract

communication

stimulus-response, here/present, limited in scope, innate, cannot make novel utterances, not spontaneous, not generative, is not creative, cannot talk about past/future, cannot lie

language

spontaneous, past/present/future, unlimited, generative, aquired not taught/learned, patterned, can lie

Vervet Monkeys

kind of like us with language, in that they have to learn WHEN to use the responses to stimuli, and they have to learn which stimuli to respond to; example Eagles will eat them - Like us in that they acquire when to use their responses to stimuli and acquire the knowledge of which things are threatening to them; they are not like us, not like language learning, is not language because they need a stimuli to have the response

birds

born with their songs and ability to use them appropriately - not language; born with the ability to basically sing their songs badly, then learn to perfect them - like and not like language acquisition similar to the case of the Vervet monkeys; born with the ability to learn whatever bird songs they are exposed to from birth - this is like language & like us in that biologically they can learn whatever is around them, but it is not language in that they are limited songs

larynx does not allow it

why cant chimpanzees learn human speech? (claimed by gua and vicki)

to the two word stage of universal language acquisition

the great apes have been able to do are combine signs into two sign combinations =

mama, papa, cup, up

what did vicki say

two year old human child

Chantek has the brain capacity of a

may be unable to communicate, split brain syndrome

what happens when the corpus colosseum is severed in terms of language abilities

the ability to aquire a first language

what is the critical hypothesis for first language aquisition