Latin 3 VSF

Sanguine

Meaning blood red/joyful/blood thirsty

Roots: Sanguis meaning blood

History: Before the blood amount showed your humor, different amounts of liquids in your body (id. blood meaning humorous, black meaning evil, green meaning envy, etc.)

What does love not notice?

Quid non sentit amor? -Ovid

Publius Ovidius Naso 43BCE-17CE

Roman writer of the Augustinian Age.

Works: Metamorphoses - stories of tranformations

Fasti: Festivals and holidays (Incomplete because he was exiled)

Ars Amatoria: ... Search it up

Ovid exiled to the black sea by Augustus.

Panacea

Cure of all

Pan meaning all, acea meaning cure

Other words with "pan"

Panhellenic

Panslavic

Pantheon (pantheon with a lowercase p means all of the gods rather than the building)

Pansexual

Pandemic

etc. etc.

there are as many opinions as there are people

Quot homines, tot sententiae - Cicero, Romes greatest orator. Pater Patriae

Sparta

Founded by Lycurgus

Developed a city state known for complete asceticism and rigid military training from a very young age.

Clandestine

In secret, secretive

Roots: clam meaning secretively

Example words with "Clam"

Clancular

Under the rose

Sub rosa

Door with rose at harvard, secret society

Metadrama examples

Pyramus and Thisbe inspired Romeo and Juliet whilst also being played in a Midsummer night dream.

Pugno, Pugnare

To fight/kill

Pugnacious

Repugnant

Pugilist

Bread and circuses

Panem et circenses-Juvenal, satire, made humorous/biting perspectives about famous people.

Keep people entertained so that don't pay attention to the bad things.

The Colosseum

Aka the Flavian amphitetor was completed in 80 CE by the emperor Titus. It could hold 40,000-50,000 spectators.

Events that happened there:

Gladiator fights

Naval battles (aka Naumachia)

Animal fights

Executions

Beast Hunts

Volo, velle, velui vs Volo volare volavi volatus

Volo, velle -to want

Derivatives: voluntary, volunteer, volition, benevolent, malevolent

Volo, volare- to fly

Derivatives: volatile, volleyball

Socrates was thinking that he was a citizen and an inhabitant of the entire world

Example of Indirect Statement

Socrates putabat se totius mundi incolam civemque esse

Said by Diogenes of Sinope

Dimichareus

Fought with 2 swords

Andabata

heavily armed, but can't see out of visored helmet

Essendarius

Chariot fighter

Thracian

Lightly armored with short sword

Samnite

Heavily armored short swords

Fun fact: Cruppellarius wore the most armor

Ostracize

To remove from society

Ostrakon: Pottery shard in Greek

History behind it: They would pass out pieces of pottery back then. People would write a name that they thought was "Dangerous to the liberties of the people". If the same name is written very often then they would be exiled. People could be forgiven, like Caesar, who was brought back.

A forbiddance of fire and water.

Aquae et ignis interdicto

A complete legal and social punishment where the person would be exiled. It was a formal ostracize by the ancient Greeks involving citizens writing the name of any person cleared to be "dangerous to the liberties of the people" If a person's name showed up enough, they would be exiled.

Ex post facto

From a thing to be done

The concept where you can't prosecute someone for breaking a law not created before.

Tempestuous

Tempestas, Tempestatis: Storm

-ous: Full of

Up and down relationships or emotions/ Very stormy

Latin terms that are always 2nd Singular

Ningit: It's snowing

Tomat: It's thundering (The sound)

Lucet: It's sunny

Fulget: It's lightning (The actual light/flash)

Pluit: It's raining

Grandinat: It's hailing

Ningit

It's snowing

Tonat

It's thundering

Lucet

It's sunny

Fulget

It's lightning

Pluit

It's raining

Grandinat

It's hailing

Emperors in order:

(Will go more in dept later)

Augustus

Tiberius

Caligula

Claudius

Nero

--------------

Vespasian

Titus

Domitian

--------------

Nerva

Trajan

Hadrian

Antonius Pius

Marcus Aurelius

Augustus

27 BC to 14 AD (When he died):

Died at the age of 76, in which August, the month, was named after him. He had several major achievements including the Pax Romana which was peace in Rome (No civil wars), secure the boundaries, trade (Cleared the Mediterranean of pirates for a while), and reinforced the political system. He supported literature and art (that of course put him in a good light). Augustus had tried to make the position of emperor hereditary, but he failed to do so as his only child, Julia, was a girl. However, Julia had many sons (Augustus lived for a very long time), but they all died before they could become emperor. He then decided to make Tiberius his successor (his step son). For those history nerds, Augustus's wife (or well Tiberius's mother) was Livia.

Tiberius

(14-37 AD) Loyal effective general who wasn't Augustus's first choice. He was old and disillusioned by the fear of being assassinated. His fears were also spurred on by Sejanus, the praetorian Guard who took advantage of Tiberius's fears to accuse his enemies of being traitors and thus killing them. His plan didn't work out though (obviously, Sejanus isn't the next emperor) as Tiberius found out and had him killed. Given the timing of this treachery, Tiberius didn't have time to find his next successor so he picked Caligula.

Caligula

(37-41 AD) Nicknamed "Little Boot" because he used to be a military mascot. At first he started out well, he soon started to fail due to his lack of experience and wisdom. He showed a strong temper and became paranoid of people assassinating him. He then went to Tiberius's Isle of Capri to hide and be safe while ruling. Since he was unfit to rule, he was assassinated. Fun Fact: He declared war on the sea/Poseidon (had soldiers hit the sea with whips) and collect seashells as the war spoils. Also wanted to make his horse a senator?!?!?

Claudius

(41-54 AD) Claudius was the new emperor as the Praetorian Guard chose him. He was Caligula's uncle and had metal and physical infirmities according to many sources. However, many believe that he had just acted this way in order to not be killed by Caligula (who had practically murdered everyone that was royal). Afterwards he had gotten his act together and stopped acting this way.... He was schemed against a lot, leading to his fourth wife, Agrippa the younger to "perhaps" kill him and his son (Britannicus) with mushrooms, giving way for her son, Nero.

Nero

(54-68 AD) Arguably the worst emperor. At this time, he was 16 and a placeholder of power for his mother who had been telling him what to do. His mother got him devoted to music and arts, allowing her to control the politics. Eventually, Nero grew tired of being bossed around and had her killed. After spending a lot of money for the amphitheater games (not in the Colosseum), he was said to have burned down the homes of civilians in the Great Fire (64 AD), which allowed him to make the Domus Aurea. This was the final straw, and the senate threatened to kill him. So of course, he killed himself first.

Overall results of the Julio-Claudian Emperors:

Augustus gained the province of Britain and Tiberius promoted public careers for the equites.

Year of the 4 Emperors

(69 AD) Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian were the 4 emperors during this time period. Because of the power vacuum, many generals assassinated the emperors in hopes of becoming the emperor. Galba, Otho, and Vitellius were assassinated in order leaving Vespasian to continue ruling

Vespasian

(69-79 AD) Descendant of the Sabines (Titus Flavius Pedro). Vespasian's major achievements include restoring stability to Rome after a civil war (year of the 4 emperors), initiating the construction of the Colosseum (Titus, his son continued this), and securing the empire through military and administrative reforms.

Titus Vespasianus

(79-81 AD)Captured Jerusalum, helped with volcano damages, diseases, and the fires. Died of sickness, didn't survive 2 years in office.

Domitian

(81-96 AD) Titus's brother. Was out-shined by his brother and father so he wanted to be a very good emperor. However, because of this he was scared of assassination as a good emperor shouldn't be assassinated, leading to him becoming paranoid. Was good with lower class treatment, war, and treasury.

Nerva

(96-98 AD) The senate and people didn't want any more hereditary emperors so they picked Nerva, an old, childless, and parent-less man, to become emperor. He adopted a general though, named Trajan before he died making him the next emperor.

Trajan

(98-117 AD) The Warlike one. Trajan was named the "Optimus Princeps" or "The Best Emperor". He conquered many lands but his rapid expansion resulted in his heart failing.

Hadrian

(117-138 AD) Adopted by Trajan. Hadrian believed in having a well protected empire and therefore abandoned all of Trajan's conquest except Pacia. He built walls across the empire. He defeated Judaea and founded the new city at the other side of Jerusalem scattering the Jews. Sponsored massive gladiator shows.

Antonius

(138-161 AD) Adopted by Hadrian. he earned the title "Pius" after asking Hadrian to be deified by them, in return for their lost prestige. Ruled benignly.

Marcus Aurelius

(161-180 AD). Had to deal with military crises that led to the destruction of the empire.

Overall Impacts of the 5 good emperors

Welfare programs, agriculture development, cities, monuments.

Commodus

(180-192 AD) Son of Marcus Aurelius. Spent very lavishly (even more than Nero and Trajan). Almost collapsed the national bank. Was eventually assassinated.

Gubernatorial

Gubernator: Helmsman of a ship

Having to do with a Governor

Fun fact: "Even keel" People who leveled the bottom of a ship. They did this by making sure the weight of the cargo in the bottom of the ship remained even at all sides.

To each their own

Suum cuique

Fun Fact: -que means and

Golden age writers/Augustan Age (50 BC to 50 AD)

History: Livy

Epic Poetry: Vergil

Lyric Poetry: Ovid, Cattulus, Horace (The Good One)

Natural History: Pliny the Elder

Letters/Speeches/Essay: Cicero for Caesar

History/Propoganda: Caesar

Livy

Titus Livius, known as Livy, was born in Patavium (modern Padua) in 59 BCE and died there in 17 CE. His monumental work is "Ab Urbe Condita," a massive multi-volume history of Rome from its founding. Livy was primarily a historian; he tutored the future Emperor Claudius, and his patrons included Augustus, who granted him access to archives. Livy was not exiled and remained closely associated with Patavium and Rome, engaging with the political and literary circles of his time.

Vergil

Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil or Virgil)Publius Vergilius Maro, known as Vergil, was born near Mantua in 70 BCE and died in Brundisium in 19 BCE. His most famous works include the "Aeneid," the "Eclogues" (or "Bucolics"), and the "Georgics." Vergil was educated in Cremona, Milan, and Rome under Greek and Roman teachers such as Siro and Epidius. His major patron was Maecenas, advisor to Augustus, who supported many poets. Vergil was never exiled and spent much of his career in Rome's literary circles, ie "Circle of Maecenas". His poetry became central to Roman culture, influencing countless later writers.

Georgics: Tales of the beautiful countryside

Ecologues: Farming poems which also tell legends and stories from myth and history

Ovid

Publius Ovidius Naso, known as Ovid, was born in Sulmo (modern Sulmona) in 43 BCE and died in exile in Tomis (modern Constanța, Romania) in 17 or 18 CE. His important works include "Metamorphoses," "Amores," "Heroides," "Ars Amatoria," "Fasti," "Tristia," and "Epistulae ex Ponto." Ovid was exiled by Emperor Augustus in 8 CE. In Rome, he was connected with the circle of Messalla and was tutored under rhetoricians, preparing for a public life he never fully embraced. Ovid's profession was poetry, and he was a member of the literary collegia that flourished in the Augustan period.

Catullus

Gaius Valerius Catullus (Catullus)Gaius Valerius Catullus, born in Verona around 84 BCE, died in Rome (possibly) around 54 BCE. Catullus is best known for his "Carmina" (Poems), a collection of 116 lyrical poems ranging in theme from love and loss to satire, including famous poems about "Lesbia." Little is known about his life, but he spent time in Rome and had connections with political figures such as Julius Caesar. Catullus was not exiled, and although he wasn't part of a collegium, his circle included the neoteric poets. His patrons and tutors are unknown, but his poetry influenced later Roman literature.

Horace

Quintus Horatius Flaccus, known as Horace, was born in Venusia in 65 BCE and died in Rome in 8 BCE. His most famous works are the "Odes," "Satires," "Epodes," and "Epistles," which touch on philosophy, love, and social criticism. Horace's career was supported by Maecenas, the famous patron of poets, and he served as a scribe for the treasury. He studied in Athens, likely under Greek tutors, and did not experience exile. Horace belonged to the literary circle around Maecenas and was one of the leading poets of the Augustan Age.

Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus, known as Pliny the Elder, was born in Novum Comum in 23 CE and died during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE, near Stabiae. His major work is the "Naturalis Historia," a vast encyclopedia covering topics from astronomy to botany. Pliny was an admiral, civil servant, writer, and naturalist. He tutored his nephew Pliny the Younger and was a member of Rome's scholarly circles, though not a formal collegium. He was never exiled and held several government positions throughout his career.

Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero was born in Arpinum in 106 BCE and died in Formiae in 43 BCE (executed during the proscriptions). Cicero is renowned for his speeches ("In Catilinam," "Philippics"), philosophical works ("De Republica," "De Officiis"), and other writings. As an orator, statesman, and philosopher, his profession spanned law, politics, and literature. Cicero was exiled briefly to Thessalonica in 58 BCE. He had various patrons and was mentored by philosophers such as Philo of Larissa. He was a key member of the Senate and actively participated in Rome's political and intellectual life.

Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (Julius Caesar) Gaius Julius Caesar was born in Rome in 100 BCE and died there in 44 BCE (assassinated on the Ides of March). His principal works include "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" (Commentaries on the Gallic War) and "Commentarii de Bello Civili" (Commentaries on the Civil War), offering firsthand historical accounts. Caesar was a soldier, statesman, orator, and high priest. He faced exile only nominally (fleeing Sulla's proscriptions briefly). Caesar was educated by Greek tutors and benefited from his patrician background. He was not known for belonging to a literary collegium but led Rome politically and culturally.

Pathos

Meaning: Feelings

Roots:

Empathy

Sympathy

Pathetic (Causes feelings --> Lame)

Psychopath

Pathological

Sociopath

Telepathy

Pathogen

Amphipathic

I sing of arms and a man, who first rose from the shores of Troy

Said by Vergil, First line of the Aeneid

Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris

More about Vergil and the Aeneid

Asked his friends to destroy the Aeneid as it was unfinished, however Augustus ignored them and kept it.

Cartography

Means: Map making

Graphein: greek word for write

Charta meaning map

Fun Fact:

Magna Carta means "The great paper"

I'd rather be in an apple tree, than an evil man in adversity

"malo malo malo malo"

Volo, velle, volui

volō (I want)

volumus (we want)

vīs (you want)

vultis (you all want)

vult (he/she/it wants)

volunt (they want)

nolo, nolle, nolui

nolo (I do not want)

nolumus (we do not want)

non vis (you do not want)

non vultis (you all do not want)

non vult (he/she/it do not want)

nolunt (they do not want)

Malo, malle, malui (magio + volo --> To want more/to prefer)

malo (I prefer)

malumus (we prefer)

mavis (you prefer)

mavultis (you all prefer)

mavult (he/she/it prefers)

malunt (they prefer)

Nefarious

Nefas: Unspeakable bad, crime against the gods

ous: Full of

Meaning: Full of evil

It is fitting to be taught even by the enemy

Fas est et[iam] ab hoste doceri

-Ovid

History: Ships in the first Punic wars from Cartage were bashed against the rocks around Italy allowing for the Romans to use their designs and create boats themselves.

Fun Fact: The Corvus was a wooden plank that had a large metal spike at the end pointing downwards. Since Rome didn't have much experience with fighting on water, they created this in order to drop it down on other boats, leading to the other boats becoming stuck (the metal spike held the other ship from fleeing). This allowed for Roman Solider to cross the corvus and fight "on land" in a sense.

More about Fasti

Fasti is a 6 poem work by Ovid which was written before his exile (by Augustus for those who are wondering), and it explained the origin of many Roman festivals and holidays in great detail between the first half of the year. However, since he was exiled midway through the creation of the poems, he didn't complete it resulting in the unknown knowledge of the rest of the year.

Veracious vs voracious

Vera means truth

Vora means avid, derivatives include ravenous: can't get enough of something

Veracious: Full of truth

Voracious: Full of hunger

Let us eat, drink, and be merry...

Edamus, Bibamus, Gaudeamus

Epicurean Philosophy

Tiro

Tiro was Cicero's beloved freedman, how managed his writings, financial affairs, and meetings. He invented a short-hand system of writing down Cicero's speeches which he was making then, and was probably the one to have collected his letters after his death.

Inauspicious

Unfortunate/unlucky

In means not

au comes from avus meaning bird

spic means to watch.

History: The romans used to look at birds for signs.

Px

Recipe!

Take this

Used for medicine/prescriptions.

cf.

confer

compare, for example going through wikipedia

ca.

Circa, around, usually for dates.

lituus

The Romans learned the practice of omen taking from the Etruscan. Auspex would use this tool to mark a place in the sky for bird watching to make an omen or prophesy.

-fy words

Facio- To make

Fio - to become

Derivatives: Modify, mistifym magnifym, deify, simplify, clarify, stupify, mortify, etc etc.

May he/she/it rest in peace!

Requiescat in Pace

May the force be with you

Vis tecum sit

Let there be light

Fiat Lux

Fio, fieri, factus sum

The DO takes nom predicate.

facit

faciebat

faciet

----------

fecit

fecerat

fecerit

(passive)

fit

fiebat

fiet

-------

factum est

factum erat

factum erit

Subjunctive:

Faciat

faceret

----

fecerit

fecisset

(passive)

fiat

fieret

------

factum sit

factum esset

connubial

related to marriage

nuptial: nubo nubere, nupsi, nuptus, to marry

If in any way you will want to marry fittingly, marry an equal

Siqua voles apte nubere, nube pari

-Ovid (Heroides)

Was writing in the perspective of the women abandoned by Heros

confarrentio

"fancy" upperclass patrician

con- meaning together

Farrentio meaning wheat cake

marriage, both parents must be married this way. Cheif priest of Pontifex Maximus must be present

Coemptio

pleubian marraige "similated bride auction" more fancy than Usus

Usus

Living together = marriage

Contubernium/slave marriage

not legally binding

"cum manu"

with authority from both of the houses (husband and bride)

Theos

The Greek word for deus

derivatives: theophany (sudden appearance of god)

It is fitting that a liar be mindful

Mendacem memorem esse oportet

-Quintillian

The Naughty Nine

Unus one

nullus none

uter which of two

solus alone

neuter neither

alter another/2nd

ullus any

totus whole

alius another

(gen ends in ius, dat ends in i)

Quintessential

Quinta essentia

The fifth essence

History: There were 4 elements of nature, water, fire, wind, and earth, so the 5th element was the soul.

Ut prosim

That I may serve

Motto of Virginia Tech

Prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus, to serve, benefit, [takes the dative]

Flamen Dialis

A religious physician, High priest of Jupiter

Created by Numa Pompillius

Strange restrictions on actions

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamen_Dialis#Restrictions)

"Viscera"

Entrails

derivatives:

Visceral: strong reaction, punch to the gut

eviscerat: to take out the entrails or to harshly criticize.

Let knowledge grow, let life be enriched!

Crescat scientia, vita excolatur

Motto of the University of Chicago

Nona nupta

bride

torches

taedae