AP World History Unit 7, Unit 8, and Unit 9

Turkification

A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society

Bolsheviks/Communists

Small faction of a Marxist party called Russian Social Democrats. Led by V.I. Lenin, they were a party dedicated to violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system. Also promised an end to the war and to redistribute land to the peasants, and give governmental power to soviets. "Peace, Land Bread." "Worker Control of Production" "All Power to the Soviets"

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Institutional Revolutionary Party(PRI)

the political party introduced in 1929 in Mexico that helped to introduce democracy and maintain political stability for much of the 20th century

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist who founded the modern Turkish state

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Franciso Madero

forced Diaz from power, but was ineffective as a leader

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Great War

name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918).

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Allies

Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Secret Alliances

When nations joined together to support each other. Was originally meant to keep peace, but instead pushed nations into WWI. Triple Entente Vs. Triple Alliance

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

conscription

A military draft

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

global war

a war that involves most of the principle nations of the world

reparations

Payment for war damages

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

secret message from Germany to Mexico, threatening to act together against America. Helps lead U.S. toward war with Germany.

total war

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

ANZAC

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

Gallipoli

A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides.

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Georges Clemenceau

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer

Vittorio Orlando

He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Poison Gas

Introduced by the Germans and was used by both sides during the war; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation

Machine Guns (WWI)

The machine gun typically required a six to eight-man team to operate: one fired, one fed the ammunition, the rest helped to carry the weapon, its ammunition and spare parts.

Submarines

U-boats, Germans used them most effectively against the British navy

airplanes

A powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it displaces. Was used in WWI for resonances.

tanks

Heavy armored vehicle which could travel over barbed wire and across enemy trenches

All Quiet on the Western Front

(1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.

Inflation

A general and progressive increase in prices

deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

relief

aid for the needy; welfare

recovery

A period of renewed economic growth followed by a recession or depression.

reform

to bring back to rightness, order, or morality

Collectivize

bring under central government control

Kolkhoz

in the Soviet Union, a small farm worked by farmers who shared in the farm's production and profits

Corporatism

A method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

New Economic Plan

Plan implemented by Lenin that allowed some private ownership of businesses and small plots of land.

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

Russian Civil War

1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Guernica

a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica

Politburo

A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia

Institutional Revolutionary Party

(PRI) the political party introduced in 1929 in Mexico that helped to introduce democracy and maintain political stability for much of the 20th century

facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

totalitarian state

country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of the lives of the people

popular front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

nationalists

A member of a political group advocating or fighting for national independence, a strong national government, etc.

republicans

Rivals of the Federalists who believed in a smaller government based on state rights. Their rivalry sparked tensions with Federalists, creating a political party system.

loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Luftwaffe

German Air Force

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R)

The Soviet Union was a multinational state made up of European and Asian peoples, In theory, all the members republics shared equal rights.

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Libya

Tripoli, Africa

Italian Somaliland

Italy

Spanish Republic

formed in 1931 after King Alfonso VIII abdicated; supported by the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War

Basque region

in the western Pyrenees, and part of the territory belongs to Spain and part to France

Hypernationalism

Extreme nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one's nation and of the paramount importance of advancing it.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Gulag

Russian prison camp for political prisoners

PEMEX

Mexico's powerful state-owned oil monopoly.

decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

mandate system

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Balfour Decleration

a decleration from the British that said that they would find the Jewish people a homeland

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Pan-Arabism

movement in which Arabs sought to unite all Arabs into one state

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Satyagraha movement

A particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance started by Mohandas K Gandhi

Salt March

passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.