HHD SAC

public health vs old public health

public health relates to the health of the population as a whole, whereas old public health refers to the government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease

changes in life expectancy from 1900 to 2022

males expected to live to 81.2 years in 2022 compared to 53.8 years in 1900. Females life expectancy has increased from 57.5 years in 1900 to 85.3 years in 2022

changes in patterns of diseases and illness

since 1900 the majority of deaths also changed to diseases and conditions categaries into 5 cateogries of infectious and parasitic diseases, injury and posioning, cancer (neoplasms, cardiovascualar diseases and repisitory disease

Initiatives associated with old public health

clean drinking water was provided, sewage systems were established and sanitation was improved, mass immunisation programs and improved working conditions.

clean drinking water was provided and how it affects health status

means people were provided with safe and celan water to drink which stopped the spread of diseases through water which reduced infectious diseases like diarrhoea, typid and cholera, this also improved infant and chold morality rates and imrpoved life expectancy

sewage sytstems were established and sanstation was improved and how it affected health status

sewage system help to keep human wastes separated from water supplies and waste was removed from the streets, this reduced infectious diseases like gastroenteris, diarrhoea, cholera and hepatitis which improved life expectany, infant and child moraltiy rates

mass immunisation programs

with the scienfitic discovery of vaccines the government funded mass vaccinations diphtheria, tubercuosis, pertussis, measles and in 2021-22 for COVID-19 has lead to the reductions of infectious diseases like small pox hepatitis B, diphtheria and mumps which improved life expectancy, infant and child mortality rates.

background of the new or social model of health

took over the old public health in the 1960’s to now to respond to a new wave of lifestyle related diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes from tobacco smoking , poor diet, etc. The most effective way to achieve this was to take a community developments approach at a population level in which communities, governments and non government organisation work together so politics, education and health promotion activities are key aspects of the social model.

health promotion

refers to the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve health so giving people the skills and information they need to improve their health, aim was if people were aware of the risks they would alter their behaviour to improve health

social model of health

a framework developed to focus on the broader factors that influence health and wellbeing like addressing physical, sociocultural and environmental determinist of health

Strengths of the social model

assists in preventing diseases because the social model focuses on the broader determinants of health and wellbeing which can help prevent condition developing in the first place also education can be passed on from generation to generation as the social model uses education to enhance health and wellbeing promoting sustainablility improvements in health status.

limitations of social model

is that not every illness or condition can be prevented so can very difficult to prevent. Also health promotion messages may be ignored as the social model of health relies on public cooperation

similairties and differences between social and old public health

old and social public health both aimed to prevent disease and injury. The old public happened in response to infectious diseases and focused on changing the physical enviroment, whereas social model health happen in response to life style related diseases and focus on boarder factors (sociocultural, physical and environmental).

what are the five action areas of the Ottawa charter

Build healthy pubic policy, Create supportive environments, Develop personal skills, strengthen community skills, reorient health services (Bad, Cats, Smell, Dead, Rats). They are used as a framework like a checklist to see if a health promotion is effective

build healthy public policy and examples

relatedto the decisions made by government regarding laws and policies to make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours and make healthier choices, for example increasing tax on tobacco, banning smoking in public areas, and compulsory seatbelts

create supportive environments

recognises the impact that the broader determinants have on health and wellbeing which aims to promote a healthy physical and sociocultural environment for the community by being safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable. For example, establishment of Quitline, providing safe working environment, providing shaded areas

streghten community action

focuses on building links between individuals and the community by working together to achieve a common goal so giving the community a sense of ownership of a health and wellbeing strategy, for example an immunisation strategy that involves media, doctors and schools to achieve higher immunisation rate for children, and aboriginal having a service run by their own community as they feel a connection.

develop personal skills

education is the main aspect so gaining health related knowlegde and skills that allow peopple to make informed decisions that may indirectly affect health and wellebing, for example a community centre running cooking classes for the community, the Quit campaign education people about the harmful effects of smoking and educating about putting sunscreen.

reorient health services

refers to changing the health system so that is promotes health and wellbeing rathar than just focusing on diagnosing and treating illness with the biomedical model, like a doctor educating as well. For exmaple a doctor focusing a disscussion around healthy eating rathar than just medication and surgery to reduce the impact of cardiovascular disease, also medical proffessionals recommending physcial activitiy, ambulation workers providing road safter sessions, etc.

what health promition manager will use

three strageties which is TO ADOVCATE which is seeking to gain support from all sectors to make changes to the social and environmental conditions to improve determinants of health. TO ENABLE means to ensure equal access to resources, like making sure eduation, employment and equal oppournties are avaliable for everyone. TO MEDIATE which recognises that improvements in health cannot be achieved by the health sector alone so working together to resolve conflict.

biomedical model

focuses on the biological and physical aspects of disease and illness. It is a medial model practised by doctors and health professionals and it involves diagnosing then treating the illness or condition once symptoms are present.

Features and aim of the biomedical model

focuses on individuals who are ill, concerned with diseases, illness and disability, relies on services provided by doctors, specialists and hospital, quick fix approach, relies on technology to diagnose, treat and cure. Aim to return people to their pre-illness state

advances in medical technology and how it lead to better health status

include the discovery of vaccines saw improvements as continued to address the causes of diseases like HIV/AIDS or COVID. antibiotics which reduction infectious diseases like pneumonia and syhpiilis. penicillin reduced infections which lead to a decline in maternal mortality because women had died due to infections during childbirth, resulting in improved life expectancy.

Medical technologies that continue to develop

doctors can transplant body parts like heart, liver, kidney and perform various brain surgeries, developments in drug therapies for disease like HIV, cancers and heart diseases

Improvements of the cardiovascular system

lead to the introduction of sphygmomanometer and stethoscope enabled doctors to measure blood pressure, drugs also were developed to treat high blood pressure to manage of hypertension which reduce mortality, CT scans can create 3D images of arteries allowing more precise treatment and potentially avoid invasive heart surgery.

strengths of the biomedical approach

it extended life expectancy as many causes of death that were common in the past like infectious diseases can be now treated and cured, it also improves quality of life and health adjusted life expectancy as many chronic conditions can be managed with medication, therapy or surgery reducing pain and suffering

limitations of the biomedical approach

it is not always affordable as some people cannot afford the medical technologies and resource apart of the biomedical approach, it relies on professional health worker and technology and therefore costly as individuals are the focus of the approach and people with specialist knowledge are required to treat the patient so the cost of training and equipment has increased.

the relationships between biomedical and social model

they both together improve health outcomes in Austrlia and the biomodel cures diseases after they have diagnosed whereas the social model aims to prevent diseases from happening.

how the social and biomodel work together to treat Lung cancer

tobacco smoking is accounted for most cancer death, so a range of health promotion strategies and improved technology on terms of diagnosis help with treatment and prevention. Anti smoking campaigns were introduced to help understand the relationship between smoking and cancer and laws were put in place by governments and there was no adverting for smoking which showed a decline in smoking rates and harm cause from it.

the biomodel approach have given access to advanced medical technology like CT scans, Chest x-rays, and bone scans have helped an early diagnosis and treatment like surgery to remove effected parts or radiotherapy and chemotherapy could be used.

how Quit campaign help develop personal skills

by providing information regarding tobacco smoking and vaping and the benefits associated with not smoking or vaping and public education using mass media advertsing campaign, public relation and downlable infro on the Quit website and and it involves a Quitline a telephone helpine service to help people recieve advice and support to quit smoking

how aborginal Quitline campaign help strengthen community action

by using Aboriginal quit specliasts with additional training to assist people with smoking or vaping cessation in a culturally appropriate way and is tailor to their individual needs and info on different quitting methods.

how Quit campaign help reorient health services

Quit provides a free online learning training program for health professionals that assists in reorienting health services and these health professionals would carry out brief smoking and vaping cessation which can help them assist smokers and vapers to quit in individual settings, and also provide info about Quit Victoria support services for smoker and vapers and how to quit

how Quit campaign help build healthy public policy

Quit provides advice to the state government to develop healthy public policies for exmaple including laws relating to smoking and vaping in public places, advertising, the ban on disposable vapes.

impact of quit campaigns on health outcomes

can reduce premature death from smoking relateed diseases like lung cancer therfore increased life expectancy, also it can promote physcial health and wellbeing as it reduces rates of smoking therfore resulting in higher levels of fitness in the population.

social jusitice

relates to the fairness within society which includes human rights, access, parcipation and equity.

the four pillars (HEAP)

Human rights- having freedom and conditions that every person is entitlees too regardless of race, religion or identity, etc.

Equity - relates to fairness so giving disadvantaged extra support so they can achieve the same level of health and wellbeing as others.

Access - everyone should be able to access resources like food, clean water housing and education

Participation - everyone should have the chance to be involved in their community and have their voice heard in decisions that also effect their lives

inequalities that aborignals have compared to non indigeous

life expectancy is 8.5 years less than other australians, high mortality rates in each age group, twice likely to have low birth weights and disablility.

closing the gap

aim to improve equality in health and expectancy between Aboriginal and Torres strait islander people and non - indigenous Australians by 2030 so closing the gap between aboriginal and no indigenous Australians. -

• it strengthens community action and building a healthy public policy by having indigenous groups work together with governments in decision making and to make an agreement

• reflect social justice as it aims to improve health outcomes, education and employment and housing and promote legal rights relating to land and water and launages spoken

Deadly choice initative

is to encourage and empower aboriginal to make healthy choices for themselves and their families to stop smoking, eat good food and exercise daily

• which helps develop personal skills by providing a range of education programs, including tobacco cessation programs and cooking program, strengthen community actions

• also encourage people to access their local Community Health Service and complete an annual health check which works to reorient health services by allowing health workers to identify those at risk of health concerns.

• promotes social justice as it provides access to education and healthier by empowering aboriginal and equity because aboriginal are disadvantaged as they experience worse health outcomes like lower life expectancy

the 2 spirits program

is a whole of community approach to improve the sexual health and wellbeing of aborignal and Torres gay men, through education about prevention and activites for exmaple workshops, printed resources and retreat for gay abo men.

• this reorients health services, by delivering an Inclusive Services Training Package for health professionals to improve their ability to support Aboriginal LGBTQI people

• ‘Condoman’ and ‘Lubelicious’ cartoon characters were created to develop personal skills of Aboriginal people in relation to sexual health in a culturally appropriate way

• reflects social justice by focusing on disadvantaged group within the aboriginal and Torres strait islander community

tackling indigeous smoking initative

is a federal government initative that includes local organisations run activities designed to reduce smoking rates.

• reorients health services by implementing the three-day Quitskills training program which provides knowledge for health workers to assist and support Aboriginal people

• worked to develop personal skills by developing a fully illustrated children’s book addressing tobacco use and promoting healthy behaviours through a well-known health promotion character in the community.

Aborginal Quitline

is a a telephone counselling service

• Counsellors provide callers with a plan for quitting that is tailored to their individual needs, as well as information on different quitting methods and products, which develops personal skills.

• provides confidential support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who want to quit smoking.

• reflects social justice by addressing the issue of lower health status of Aboriginals therefore promoting equity.

What to look for when evaluating initiative to improve aboriginal health and wellbeing

there has to be enough funding to ensure they are planned appropriately, action areas of the Ottawa Charter have to be evident and it is culturally appropriate for Aboriginal Peoples.

initiatives to promote healthy eating

the Australian dietary guidelines, australian guide to healhty eating, aborginal and torres strait islander guide to healhty eating

consideration when evaluation healthy eating initiative include (AIREES)

ease of understanding - visual guides can be useful for those with lower education

access- being able to access resources for free to remove finical barriers

inclusiveness - all groups being able to benefit from the initiative (different cultures)

relevance - initiatives should work towards a need for the community and their objectives

effectiveness - whether the program achieves its objectives across all population

sustainability - relates to the impact on the program being able to continue into the future

Australian dietary guidelines

were made to address the causes of diet related conditions like obesity, type 2 dibetes and cardiovascular disease. This are intended to be used by health professionals and educators to promote healthy eating. This advice is provided for different life span, vegans and vegartians, losing weight and pregant women

Guideline 1

to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritions food and drinks to meet your energy needs.

relates need to balance their food intake with their energy needs, when people consume more enegry then what is needed it can lead to excess energy being stored as fat which leads to obesity and associated conditions like CVS, type 2 diabetes and some cancers

Guideline 2

enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups everyday and drink plenty of water.

relates to comsuming a range of colourful of fruit and the five food groups and water, which is associated with lower levels of mortality and morbidity compared to diets with a range of foods is not comsumed, it also include the serving sizes

Guideline 3

limit intake of food containing saturated fats, added salt, added suagrs and alochol.

focuses of limiting the intake of discretionary foods which are energy dense as it increases the risk of conditions, it is not necessary to provide the nutrients the body needs and should be limited because it high in saturated fats and sugars and lead to excess energy intake which can lead to obesity, read food labels

Guideline 4

encourage support and promote breastfeeding

promotes breastfeeding for infants as it provides nutritional requirements to support and growth of infants to around 6 months, this lowers the risk of infections, SIDS and decrease the risk of obesity and chronic diseases

Guideline 5

Care for your food, prepare and store it safely

relates to caring for food and perparing it safely, to reduce the risk of food borne diseases in community like food poisoning lowering morbidity rates

strengths for the ADG

the guidelines are available for free and to download resulting to the cost not acting as a barrier accessing this resource, provide advice for individuals with different needs like the different lifespan and cultural backgrounds, guidelnines are available in an accessible formoat making them mire accessible for those with low vision

limitations for the ADG

the five guidelines are written and may be hard for people with low literacy to understand and follow, the guidelines are only available in english making it difficult for non english speakers backgrounds to follow and guidelines are based on a requirements for the averge person so serving sizes are not appropriate for all

The Austrlian Guide to Healthy Eating

is a visual tool that reflects recommended dietary advice like Guideline 2 and 3. it is a circle divided into five wegdes representing each five food groups. It also encourage the comsumption of water by the image of glass being filled by a tap. Shows in the bottom left corner of foods that should be consumed in small amounts like oil and butter and in the bottom right only cosumed foods sometimes which are the discrenitionary foods

Similairties between the Aboriginal and Austrilan GTHE

both show the five food groups represented in a circle, promotes water comsumption, suggests to limit discrentionary foods and include small amounts of healthier fats

differences between the Aboriginal and Austrilan GTHE

the aborginal GTHE includes traditional foods like kangaroo, goanna and crab meat and native, also in the vegatble section include canned and frozen foods.

strengths of the the guides to healthy eating

The AGTHE is translated into more than 10 languages which increase the ability for diverse groups to use it, the guide apply to all ages which parents can use to guide food intake for children, provides a visual presentation of the Australian guidelines 2 and 3 making it easier for people to follow, a range of foods are included from different cultures, which can assist different groups in improving theri foods intake

limtiations of the the guides to healthy eating

do not provide information on serving sizes or numbers which may mean that people consume too much or not enough food overall, guide does not provide specific advice for people with dietary conditions or needs which reduces the number of people who can beneift it from

why there has a been a change in eating in Australian

in recent decades there has been a shift away from nutrient dense foods towards more energy dense and processed foods increasing obesity and associated conditions. This is due to personal, sociocultural (commerical factors) and environmental factors.

personal factors (WHA)

Willpower and taste perferences - most people prefer certain foods than others this may be the result to comsuming more discrentionary foods

Attitudes and belief- perceptions that healthy foods are bland and tasteless and also ignoring potential negative effects of unhealthy foods

Health and Wellbeing factors - health and wellbeing is experience by people are influenced by the food they consume and eating these foods can lead to difficultly to follow healht promotion

Sociocultural factors (FECS)

socioeconomic status - includes education income and occupation, so a lack of knowledge and cooking skills leads people to eat unhealthy meals, also may have difficultly having reading food labels and lack of understanding portion sizes, people may not be to afford nutritious meals which may them cheaper and processed alternatives

employment status- convinces foods are often consumed, a lack of time to purchase fresh ingredients and prepare a meal from starch\

family and peer group - cultural and religious background of a family may lead to consuming traditional foods, may choose foods that their friends eat and this can reduce their ability to choose healthier foods

and commerical factors.

commerical factors (SPPMD)

supply chain - steps that food goes from farm until when people to eat it, this affects the price, packaging, processing and availability of food.

Distribution and affordability - means some foods cost more depending on transport, storage and staffing therefore healthy foods can be more expensive

processing - can make food less healthy because companies ass salt, suagr and fat to improve, taste, apperance and shelf life.

packaging and labelling - can influence peoples choices, bright packaging, cartoon characters and health claims like fat free can make a food seem healthier than it is.

marketing and media - can encousage people to buy unhealthy foods through ads, celebrities, sponsorships, supermarket speicals and social media. Childten are more influencitial to marketing of unhealthy foods which can affect nutrional knowlegde and product requests, and food advertments show more likely during children compared to adults viewing hours.

environmental factors (THWG)

geographical factors - people who dont live in major cities may be more limited to food options than those who do, as suburbs where there is income disadgvantes there are higher number of fast food outlets

workplaces - some workplaces provide opportunities for employees to access food during breaks leading to comsumption of discrentionary foods and some workplaces do not have cooking facilities leads to a person not preparing food.

Housing environment - lack of access to the facilities of a fridge, microwaves and friers can impact whether a person stores and prepares their food, making them rely on takeaway

Transport - lack of acces of transport can mean that people must rely on foods to their homes or that can be delievered reducing their ability to make nutritional change

What does the Australian health system include

is made up of two parts the public and private healthcare sectors. The public sector that is provided by the government includes public hospitals, medicare, the PBS and NDIS. The privates sector includes private health insurance and medical practitioners in private practises

medicare

is Australian universal health insurance scheme administered by the federal government. Medicare gives all Australian, permanent residents and people from countries with a reciprocal agreement access to subsided healthcare

what does medicare cover

out of hospital expenses like consultation fees for doctors and specialists, tests like x-rays, pathology (blood tests) schedule fee, in hospital expenses for public hospitals like accommodation and treatment, eye tests and 75% of the schedule fee for treatment in a private hosptial

schedule fee

is an amount of money that the government deems approiate for a particular medical service or prodecude which is $43.

bulk billing

is the doctors that won’t charge you more than the schedule fee, however a doctor that is not bulk billed will charge more than the schedule fee meaning a person will have a out of pocket cost so having a patient co-payment

medicare safety net

provides extra finicial assitance for those that have a significant out of pocket os for medical services, so once a person or family expenses reach the threshold amount their for the rest of year they would have reduced cost.

what medicare doesn’t cover

most costs associated with private hospital cover, allied health services which are services provided by trained health professionals who are not doctors or nurses like physiotherapists, psychologists, chiropractic services, naturopathy, ambulance covers, glasses

advantages of medicare

choice of doctor for out of hospital services, available for Australian citizens, covers tests and examination, doctors and specialists fees like x-rays and eye tests, and the medicare safety net provides extra financial contributions for medical services one they reacha certain amount

disadvantages of medicare

no choice of doctor for in hospital treatments for public hospitals, long waiting lists for many treatments, does not cover alternative therapies like physiotherapy and ambulance cover

how is the medicare funded

through medicare levy which is additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers, the medicare levy surcharge which a additional 1-1.5% tax paid by the Australians who earn over a certain amount of money and choose to not go to a private health insurance, and income collected through general taxation is also used to fund it

the pharmaceutical benefit scheme (PBS)

it is a scheme thats aim to provide Australian with access to essential prescription medication at a affordable price by subsiding the cost but consumer must still pay a patient co-payment, includes more than 5000 brands of prescription medicine and available to all Australians with a medicare card

PBS saftey net

also aims to provide finical protection to those who have significant out of pocket costs, so when a family has reached the threshold amount the cost of PBS medications for the year will be further reduced and concession card holders can access these medications at no cost

National disability insurance scheme (NDIS)

is a national insurance scheme that provides services and supports for people with permanent, significant disabilities and their family carers. Its aim is too assist people who has disabilities to live an ordinary life and key objectives is to support their independence, social and economic participation of people with disability.

disability requirements to be eligble for NDIS

have an impairment or condition that is permanent (life long), the impairment sustainability reduces the ability to participate fully in activities, under the age 65 years, live in australia and be a permanent Australian citizen

how the individualised plan for NDIS supports participants (MAAR)

people have differeent needs so a person gets personlised plan so it supports by providing access maintstream and supports so NDIS parcipants having resources like transport and assistance of a carer if required, accesing community services and support which include having acces to sport/vlubs libaries and community groups to be soically connected, maintain informal support arrangements which is the support people get from their family and they receive reasonable and nessarcy funded supports which includes funding for them live an ordinary life like having assistive technology such as wheelchairs , bed rails or shower chair, etc and to pay for carers if a person needs assistance with daily tasks.

private health insurance

is an optional form of health insurance that’s taken out by individuals or families that pay a preimum to provide cover for services that are not covered by medicare, so they have their own choice of doctors, and dont have long waiting lists for surgery, phsiotherpary or glasses.

private health insurance incentives so why people want to take private health insurance (PALM)

private health insurance rebate, age based discounts, lifespan health cover loading and the medicare levy surcharge.

private health insurance rebate

is a government funded contribution to help reduce the amount of money people have to pay for their insurance cost/premium, so 30% rebate(refund) on their premiums for the private health insurance but if they have a higher the income the lower the rebate they will recieve. Aged 65-70 has extra 4% rebate and 70+ has an extra 8% rebate. this increases the proportion using private health insurance which takes pressure off public hospitals and medicare.

lifetime health cover

is for people who take up private health insurance that after the age of 31 they an extra 2% on their premuims every year, which encourages young people to take up private health insurance and keep it for life which help fund the cost of providing health care for older australians who need it more.

medicare levy surcharge (PHI)

people earning $97000 or more a year pay an extra tax of 1-1.5% if they don’t have private health insurance, to encourage high earners to take out private health insurance

age based discount

insurers have the option of offering young people aged 18-29 a discount of up to 10% for their premium and continues until 41.

advantages of private health insurance

choice of doctor, quicker waiting times for medical procedures, government rebate for policyholders, helps to keep costs of operating medicare under control

disadvantages of private health insurance

it is costly in terms of the premiums that have to be paid and policies can be complex to understand and so it can confusion for the average person

funding

are the finical resources provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced. funding the health system means more people can receive treatment by reducing the costs,

funding of medicare

is used to subdise 100% of the schedule fee for GP consultations, treatment and accommodation in public hosptials, pathology tests and 75% schedule fee for private hosptials, this reduces the finical barriers for Australians to make austrailans more likey to access these health services

funding of PBS

is funded by the government through general taxation and patient support through co-payments, this makes essential medicines subsided providing treatment for many conditions and promoting health outcomes

funding of NDIS

funded through the federal government through taxation and this can support participants to access carers that provide support with daily tasks and staying socially connected and also provide asstive technology like wheelchairs and bedrails

funding of private health insurance

the payment from premiums provides the funding towards the running of private hospitals and governments funds the privates health insurance rebate to make it more affordable for more people.

reason why health care costs has increases

an ageing population, increasing incomes and growing economy, more expensive technologies and services and increased cos of medicines

sustainabliity

is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.

sustainability of medicare

subsiding medicare and making healthcare free it can mean Australians are more likely to see treatment earlier, which can help prevent conditions before they become more serious and reduces the future reliance of the healthcare system therefore increasing sustainability in the future

sustainability of PBS

is promoted by it having a some medications that are subdised by the program and not all programs subdised which can help keep the cost of the program under control, so it will continue to be provided in future years, aims to reduce finical barriers to help australisn access essential medicine which can encourage people to seek healthcare and prevent health conditions which will hopefully reduces their future reliance on the healthcare systems

sustainability of NDIS

NDIS programs have personalised plans which can help the services being funded where is necessary which can help keep costs under control allowing the scheme to be provided to more people promoting sustainability.

sustainability of private health insurance

incentives like the rebate and age based discount can soften the strain on public hospitals which allows Australians to be treated more quickly, as the less people in public system the waiting times will be shorter so treating people faster can help reduce the reliance on the healthcare system now and the future making it sustainable

sustainability - funding and regulation

adequate funds must be available to ensure that the health system can continue to cater to need of the population into the future, so regulating the health system helps it remain sustainable by promoting the efficient use of funds and other resources

sustainability - an efficient health system and workforce

ensuring that the health workforce is adequately staffed with highly trained healthcare workers and my health record has a record keeping system which allows healthcare info to accessed electronically which can promote health literacy and sustainability

sustainability - disease prevention and early intervention

reduces the strain on the health system as it reduces people who need to use it by using disease prevent and early detection and health promotion like free testing, public cancer screening and health promotion programs