Identifications

coureurs de bois

French fur-trappers, also known as "voyagers," who established trading posts throughout North America.

Anasazi

Ancient Native American culture in the Southwest US, ancestors of the Pueblo people, known for their elaborate arts.

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors primarily butchered Indians and stole gold in the name of Christ.

Boston Massacre

Clash between Bostonian protestors and British redcoats, resulting in the death or wounding of eleven citizens.

Canadian Shield

The first part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level.

Caravel

A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails, allowing for closer sailing to the wind.

George Whitefield

English Anglican minister who toured the Colonies, spreading spiritual revival.

Loyalists

American colonists who opposed the Revolution and remained loyal to the king; also known as "Tories."

"join or die"

The first political cartoon published in an American newspaper, illustrating the disunity of the colonies.

Middle Passage

The transatlantic voyage that enslaved Africans endured between Africa and the colonies, known for high mortality rates.

Patriots

Colonists who supported the American Revolution; also referred to as Whigs.

Paxton Boys

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in 1764 protesting Quaker policies toward Native Americans.

Predestination

Calvinist doctrine that God has predetermined who will be saved and who will be damned.

Primogeniture

Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property, leading younger sons to seek fortunes elsewhere.

Quakers

Religious group known for tolerance, peace emphasis, and idealistic Indian policies, settled in Pennsylvania in the 17th century.

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713) Conflict between European powers for control of North America, involving British and French colonists.

Saratoga Battle of

Decisive Colonial victory in October 1777 that helped secure French support for the Revolutionary Cause.

Republicanism

Political theory advocating representative government based on popular sovereignty, liberty, and civic virtue.

Sons of Liberty

Patriotic groups central to agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing nonimportation agreements.

St Augustine

City in Florida where Spain established the first lasting European settlement in North America in 1565.

Thomas Paine

Influential writer who published the bestseller "Common Sense" in 1776.

Three Sister Farming

Agricultural system used by North American Indians, growing maize, beans, and squash together for maximum yields.

Triangular Trade

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies.

voyageurs

Another term for coureurs de bois, referring to French fur traders.

The Great Awakening

A period of religious revival in the colonies, promoted by leaders like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards.