8: part 3

Parenthood

A normative developmental task of adulthood involving raising children.

Trend in Parenthood

Many adults are postponing having children or choosing not to have children.

Age of First Parenthood

Increasing as people marry and establish careers later.

Benefits of Parenthood

Many parents report greater meaning and satisfaction in life.

Challenges of Parenthood

Parents may experience increased stress, depression, and lower marital satisfaction.

Demandingness

Degree to which parents control and monitor a child's behavior.

Supportiveness

Degree of warmth, responsiveness, and involvement shown by parents.

Authoritative Parenting

High support and high demandingness; considered most effective.

Authoritarian Parenting

Low support and high demandingness; emphasizes obedience and control.

Permissive Parenting

High support and low demandingness; few rules or expectations.

Uninvolved Parenting

Low support and low demandingness; minimal involvement in the child's life.

Effects of Authoritative Parenting

Associated with positive developmental outcomes and independence.

Effects of Authoritarian Parenting

Often associated with lower self-esteem and higher obedience.

Effects of Permissive Parenting

May result in poor self-regulation and lack of discipline.

Effects of Uninvolved Parenting

Often associated with the poorest developmental outcomes.

Reasons People Have Children

Emotional, economic, utilitarian, and social-normative reasons.

Parenting Outside Marriage

Has increased dramatically in recent decades.

Galinsky's Image-Making Stage

Planning for a child and considering what parenthood means.

Galinsky's Nurturing Stage

Infancy; developing attachment and adapting to a new baby.

Galinsky's Authority Stage

Toddler and preschool years; establishing rules and guidance.

Galinsky's Interpretative Stage

Middle childhood; helping children understand the social world.

Galinsky's Interdependent Stage

Adolescence; sharing decision-making power with children.

Galinsky's Departure Stage

Early adulthood; evaluating parenting successes and failures.

Parent Characteristics Influencing Parenting

Age, gender, beliefs, personality, health, and developmental history.

Child Characteristics Influencing Parenting

Gender, birth order, temperament, and health.

Contextual Influences on Parenting

Economic conditions, schools, neighborhoods, religion, and social support.

Parent-Child Reciprocity

Parents influence children and children influence parents.

Normative Developmental Task

A common life challenge expected during a particular stage of development.

Practice Question 1 Answer

Eating and exercise habits in early adulthood affect health risks in midlife.

Practice Question 2 Answer

Many couples seeking infertility treatment pay most costs themselves.

Practice Question 3 Answer

Emerging adulthood describes the transition from adolescence to early adulthood.

Practice Question 4 Answer

Parents with a newborn are in Galinsky's nurturing stage.