Theoretical Approaches and Developmental Stages in Therapy

Comprehensive flashcards covering theoretical approaches to therapy, attachment theories, developmental stages (cognitive, moral, psychosocial, and artistic), and prominent art therapy theorists.

What is the core premise of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory?

Humans are born with a need to form a close emotional bond with a caregiver, which develops during the first six months if the caregiver is appropriately responsive.

In Bowlby’s stages, what occurs during the 'Pre-attachment' phase (birth to 6 weeks)?

Infants show no particular attachment to a specific caregiver but use behaviors like crying or smiling to prompt caregiving responses.

What characterizes the 'Attachment-in-the-making' phase (6 weeks to 6–8 months)?

Infants show preferences for their primary caregiver but do not protest when separated.

What happens during the 'Clear-cut attachment' phase (6–8 months to 18–24 months)?

Infants become more attached to their primary caregiver and may show separation anxiety.

What concept did Margaret Mahler define as a baby's belief that a mother ceases to exist when she disappears?

Object Constancy

According to Margaret Mahler, what is the 'Differentiation Phase' also known as?

hatching

In Heinz Kohut’s Self-Psychology, what are the two types of 'Self Object' transferences?

Mirroring and idealization

What is the fundamental suggestion of Aaron Beck's Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and influence each other, meaning negative thoughts can create a cycle of psychological distress.

Who developed Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and who was it originally for?

Marsha Linehan; originally developed for people with BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder).

What are the three core levels of the Expressive Therapies Continuum (ETC) developed by Sandra Kagin and Vija Lusebrink?

Kinesthetic/Sensory (K/S), Perceptual/Affective (P/A), and Cognitive/Symbolic (C/S).

Which level of the ETC is focused on preverbal information processing and utilizes materials like finger paints and clay?

Kinesthetic/Sensory (K/S)

In the ETC, what does the 'Creative Level (CR)' represent?

Wholeness, creative fulfillment, and wellness through art making as self-expression, intersecting the other three levels.

What is the central view of Family Systems Theory?

The family is a system of interrelated parts where a problem for one person affects others and causes adaptations in the group.

Which psychological approach emphasizes overcoming feelings of inferiority and the importance of social context?

Adlerian

What are the stages of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)/Stages of Change (SOC)?

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, and optionally Termination.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what characterizes the 'Pre-moral' stage of development?

The individual obeys rules to avoid punishment and conforms to receive favors or rewards.

What is the Erikson psychosocial stage for ages $0$ to $1$ (infancy)?

Trust vs Mistrust (Focus: Feeding; Virtue: Hope)

In Erik Erikson’s stages, what is the conflict for middle adulthood ($35$ to $60$ years)?

Generativity vs Stagnation (Focus: Work and Parenthood; Virtue: Care)

What are Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor ($0-2$), Pre-operational ($2-7$), Concrete ($7-11$), and Formal Operational ($11+$).

In Victor Lowenfeld’s stages, what occurs during the 'Schematic' stage (7-9 years)?

Objects are anchored on a baseline, color is used symbolically, space awareness develops, and 'X-ray vision' artwork may appear.

What is the 'Gang Age' in Victor Lowenfeld’s Stages of Artistic Development?

Dawning Realism ($9-11$ years)

What are the components of Freud’s structural model of the personality?

Id (instinct drive), Ego (balances instincts with social norms), and Super Ego (outside morality).

In Jungian Psychology, what is the 'Collective Unconscious'?

Deeply-rooted archaic and instinctual responses based on human genetics.

Which art therapy theorist is associated with the phrase 'Art as therapy' and the concept of the 'Third Hand'?

Edith Kramer

How did Margaret Naumberg define her approach to art therapy?

Art in therapy / Art Psychotherapy; dynamically oriented, psychoanalytic, focused on making the unconscious conscious through free association.

Who is known as the 'Father of Art Therapy in Brittan' and promoted a studio approach with little interference?

Edward Adamson

Which theorist developed the FEATS scale and focused on Intense Trauma Therapy?

Linda Gant

What concept did Judith Rubin develop to balance structure and looseness in therapy?

Framework for freedom