Geography Summer Exam

What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable natural resources?

Renewable resources are those that nature continues to provide or can be replenished, while non-renewable resources will eventually run out.

What were early human resources?

Food, water, clothing, shelter, and energy (as heat).

What are the percentages of different types of water?

97% saltwater, 3% freshwater, 1% groundwater, 0.01% surface water.

How do we use water and in what percentages?

70% agriculture, 19% industry, 11% domestic.

How can we solve water overconsumption at home?

Use grey water, take shorter showers, fix leaks, and implement higher water prices.

How can we solve water overconsumption in agriculture?

Use grey water for crops, drip irrigation, grow less water-intensive crops, eat less meat, and use desalination.

What is Day Zero?

The predicted day during Cape Town’s drought when water levels would be so low that tap water to homes would largely be shut off and people would collect water from designated points instead.

What is an aquifer used for?

An aquifer stores and supplies groundwater for drinking, farming, and other uses.

Why does Norway have the most expensive water in Europe?

High water quality, careful treatment, high wages, expensive maintenance, and strict environmental rules.

Why is a nation called a breadbasket?

A country is called a breadbasket because it produces a large amount of food, especially grains for local and global needs.

How do we solve physical water scarcity?

Use water wisely, recycle water, bring in water from other places, and use desalination.

What are some ways of tackling desertification in the Sahel?

Plant trees, dig zai pits, microdose, store rainwater, and plan grazing.

What is the difference between food deficit and food surplus?

Food deficit is when food production cannot meet local demand, while food surplus is when production exceeds demand.

What is food insecurity?

Food insecurity is the lack of access to safe, nutritious food.

What are ways to tackle food insecurity?

Free school meals, promote local farming, provide microloans, solve political problems, and food banks.

What is the difference between food insecurity and food poverty?

Food insecurity is lack of access to food, while food poverty is when people cannot afford enough healthy food over time.

What are the differences between fossil fuels and renewables?

Fossil fuels will run out, cause more pollution, are reliable, and non-renewable; renewables won't run out, cause little pollution, depend on weather, and are sustainable.

What is a food desert?

A food desert is an area where people live more than 1.6 km (urban) or 16 km (rural) from a large supermarket.

What are the advantages of natural gas?

Provides lots of energy, lower air pollutants than coal and oil, and is easy to transport.

What are the disadvantages of natural gas?

Highly flammable.

What are the advantages of nuclear power?

Cost-effective, does not produce smoke or CO2, generates huge energy from small fuel amounts, produces small waste, and is reliable.

What are the disadvantages of nuclear power?

Dangerous waste handling, non-renewable, and potential for disasters.

What are the advantages of coal?

Easy to transport, provides lots of energy when burned, and is relatively inexpensive.

What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?

Produces high levels of CO₂, causes air pollution, and is non-renewable.

What are the advantages of fossil fuels?

Reliable energy source, high energy output, easy to store and transport, well-developed infrastructure.

What are the disadvantages of renewable energy?

Weather dependent, high setup costs, can be unreliable without storage, needs large areas of land.

What are the advantages of renewable energy?

Renewable, produces low greenhouse gas emissions, reduces air pollution, sustainable long-term.

What are the energy sources we currently use?

Fossil Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Fracking; Renewables: Solar, Tidal, Wave, Geothermal, Hydro, Wind, Biomass.

Which countries rely on coal the most?

China, India, USA.

What is the difference between a high-income country (HIC) and a low-income country (LIC)?

HIC has a high average income and standard of living; LIC has a low average income and lower standard of living.

What problems can NGOs help solve?

Poverty, lack of clean water, natural disaster relief, health problems, education access, refugee support.

What is a top-down solution?

Decisions made by the government or large organizations given to local people.

What is a bottom-up solution?

Decisions made by local people and communities developed from the ground up.

What are cash crops?

Crops grown to be sold for profit, rather than for personal consumption.

What does the Big Mac Index compare?

The price of a Big Mac in different countries, showing cost of living and purchasing power.

How can poorly developed countries help themselves?

Building tourism, trying new crops, ending corruption, developing industry.

How can highly developed countries help developing countries?

Giving loans, buying products at fair prices, building infrastructure.

What are geography classification maps?

Maps that categorize countries based on wealth and development.

What is the difference between GDP and HDI?

GDP measures total earnings; HDI measures quality of life including health, education, and income.

What does PPP stand for?

Purchasing Power Parity.

What is the development gap?

The disparity in wealth and development between countries due to historical and geographical reasons.

How did colonization affect development in Africa?

Colonization exploited resources, left countries with inadequate infrastructure and skills.

Can a developing country have areas of high development?

Yes, a developing country can have rich cities with good services.

What should you not touch when you go to Chernobyl?

Water.

What energy was used in the mid-21st century?

Hydrogen.

Which countries are near or at 100% renewable energy?

Norway, Brazil, Iceland, Paraguay, Costa Rica, Austria, Denmark.

What is soft power?

When a country influences or solves problems through attraction, dialogue, diplomacy, aid, or sharing expertise rather than using force or pressure.