AP Human Geography: The Grand Review

A comprehensive review of vocabulary and concepts for AP Human Geography, covering units I through VII including population, culture, political organization, agriculture, industry, and urban land use.

GIS

A computer system that stores, organizes, retrieves, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

GPS

A space-based global navigation satellite system.

Cultural landscape

The forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans.

Cultural ecology

Interactions between human societies and the physical environment.

Cultural diffusion

The spread of an idea or innovation from its source.

Environmental determinism

The theory that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture.

Remote sensing

The small- or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, either in recording or real time.

Possibilism

The theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.

Carrying capacity

The ability of a resource base to sustain its population.

Counterurbanization

A population shift from urban to rural areas.

Dependency ratio

The number of working-age people compared to the number of people too old or too young to work.

Internal migration

Migration occurring within a state.

External migration

Migration occurring between states.

Net migration

The difference between in-migration and out-migration.

Brain drain

The flight of talented people away from an area.

Chain migration

The process by which immigrants from a particular place follow others from that place to another place.

Natural increase rate (NIR)

$CBR - CDR$ per thousand.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The number of children a woman is likely to have.

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths under the age of $2$ per thousand.

Balkanization

The fragmentation of a region into smaller units.

Lingua franca

A common language used among speakers of different native languages.

Creole

A language formed from two other languages.

Shiite

The minority branch of Islam globally, but the majority in Iraq and Iran.

Apartheid

A rigid separation of the races in South Africa during the twentieth century.

Compact state

A state shape where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly, such as Nicaragua.

Elongated state

A state with a long, narrow shape, such as Vietnam.

Prorupted state

An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension, such as Afghanistan.

Perforated state

A state that completely surrounds another one, such as South Africa surrounding Lesotho.

Fragmented state

A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory, such as Indonesia.

Landlocked state

A state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries.

Unitary state

A state that places most power in the hands of central government officials, such as France.

Federal state

A state that allocates strong power to units of local government within the country, such as the USA or Germany.

Devolution

The transfer of some power from a central government to local or regional governments.

Milkshed

An area whose function is to produce and distribute milk and milk products.

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs, such as nickel smelting.

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or has a greater volume than the inputs, such as soft-drink bottling.

Footloose industry

An industry that can be located at any place without effect from factors such as resources or transport, such as call centers.

Just-in-time

A method of inventory management where parts or products arrive at a factory or store moments before they are needed, typical of baking or autoparts manufacturing.

Rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the $n^{th}$ largest settlement is $rac{1}{n}$ the population of the largest settlement.

Primate city rule

A pattern of settlements in a country where the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement, such as in France or Mexico.

Basic industries

Industries that export primarily to consumers outside the settlement.

Non-basic industries

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to people within the settlement.

Zoning laws

Local ordinances that govern the use of land and the characteristics of buildings.