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Which of the following is the most appropriate first-line eradication therapy? for Helicobacter pylori.

Omeprazole 20 mg BD + clarithromycin 500 mg BD + amoxicillin 1g BD for 7 days

Which investigation is used to diagnose gestational diabetes?

75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Kidney stone types in imaging

Calcium (oxalate/phosphate) and Struvite stones are usually opaque (bright) on X-rays and CTs;

Cystine stones are faintly opaque

Uric Acid stones are typically radiolucent (invisible) on plain X-rays but visible on CT.

types of jaundice poo colour

Nephrotic syndrome

LFTS

Nephron histology

transplant

Chronic kidney disease stages

32. Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates growth of the thyroid gland AND increases secretion of T3/T4?

TSH

hypo/hyperparathyroidisim effects

A 62-year-old man undergoes pelvic surgery.
Post-operatively, he has urinary retention due to impaired sensation of bladder filling.
Damage to which structure most likely explains this?

pelvic splanchnic nerves

oesophagus diseases location

When a meal containing a high fat content enters the duodenum, gastric emptying slows down.

Which hormone is primarily responsible for this effect?

Cholecystokinin

Bladder voiding nerves

Parasympathetic Nerves: Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves (S2-S4)
Sympathetic Nerves: Hypogastric Nerves (T10-L2)
Somatic Nerves: Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4)

The portal vein is formed by the union of which two vessels?

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

Which combination of additional findings would most strongly suggest a significant impairment in the liver's synthetic function?

Decreased albumin levels and prolonged prothrombin time

Discuss the role of endo and exo-peptidases involved in protein digestion in the small intestine.

Endo-peptidases such as trypsin/chymotrypsin/elastase break proteins down to small peptides

Exo-peptidases such as carboxypeptidase break proteins down to single amino acids

class of drug is omeprazole and describe how this class of drug reduces stomach acid secretion

Proton pump inhibitor

Irreversibly binds to proton pump on parietal cells in stomach

This inhibits acid secretion by blocking secretion of H+ ions into the gastric lumen