AP Bio

Nucleus

the small, dense, positively charged center of an atom

electron

subatomic particle that possess a negative electrical charge

element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by chemical means such as a chemical reaction, an electric current, heat, or beam of light

subatomic particles

a very small particle that is a building block for atoms

neutrons

a subatomic particle that has no charge associated with it; neutral

atomic symbol

letter abbreviation used to represent an element

protons

a subatomic particle that possesses a positive charge

atom

the smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have the properties of the element

nucleon

any subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

compound

a pure substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical means

molecule

a group of two or more atoms that function as a unit because the atoms are tightly bound together

what are the four main minerals our body needs to function properly and stay healthy?

Calcium, iron, Potassium, and magnesium

what trace element when consumed in too little or too great amounts can cause nerve or cell damage?

Selenium

Iodine is needed to make some hormones in the body. What foods contain iodine?

Seafood, Dairy, and Vegetables

Under consumption of blank can cause a depressed immune system

Zinc

Too much (excess) iron in your diet can cause what health problems?

Stomach pains, sickness, constipation, even death

What trace element is required for the production of thyroid hormones?

Iodine

We need sodium in our diets fro what reasons?

Conduct nerve impulses, contract and relax muscles, and maintain proper balance of water and minerals.

Too little (deficiency) iron in your diet can cause what health problems?

Anemia

Which mineral is needed for making hemoglobin which gives red blood cells their color and helps us to form new red blood cells?

Iron

Trace elements are present in the body at an amount of no more than blank mg?

100 & 1

Which trace element is required for the production of red blood cells?

Cobalt

Trace elements are present in the body at an amount equal to less than ________% of your body weight.

.1

Which trace element is required for human growth and helps with healing wounds?

Zinc

Over-consumption of this element can lead to heart rhythm issues.

Manganese

Consuming too much ____ can cause nausea, vomiting and dizziness.

Zinc

Too little (deficiency) calcium in childhood can lead to what problems?

Rickets and osteoporosis

Which trace element is important for forming hemoglobin and transporting oxygen?

Iron

Too much (excess) calcium can build up in your organs and cause what?

Kidney stones and kidney failure

Where are electrons of an atom found?

Electron cloud

An element is defined by its number of

protons

Which of the subatomic particles is the lightest?

electrons

Particles in an atom's nucleus that are neutral and have no charge are

neutrons

The relative mass of a proton/neutron is.....

1

Mass number - Atomic Number =

neutrons

Most of an atom's mass is found in the

nucleus

A negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus is a(n)

electron

Which of the subatomic particles is the heaviest?

protons and neutrons have essentially equal masses

Protons and neutrons are found in the....

nucleus

The relative mass of an electron is...

0

A helium nucleus with two protons and two neutrons is called a(n) ____

alpha particle

Gamma rays have

no mass

What makes an element radioactive?

When it's nuclei decay

When an element loses protons, its __________changes.

atomic number

When nuclei decay, massive amounts of __________ is released.

energy

What is an isotope?

Different forms of an element

What is the only difference between two different isotopes of the same element?

Number of neutrons

What are the main 3 subatomic particles in an atom?

proton, neutron, electron

Why does the nucleus of an atom have a positive charge?

Because it contains the positively charged protons

Describe the subatomic structure of an atom

all protons and all neutrons present are found at the center of an atom in the nucleus. The nucleus is the small dense positively charged center of an atom. The outer region of an atom contains all of the electrons in the electron cloud. The electron cloud is negatively charged.

Nucleon

any subatomic particle found in the nucleus

how is an element different from a compound

an element is a pure substance made up of only on type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions, where a compound is a substance composed of two or more different elements chemically combined and can be chemically broken down

give the name and atomic symbol for the four most abundant elements in the human body

Oxygen O, Carbon C, Hydrogen H, Nitrogen N

trace elements

small quantities of elements the body needs to function properly. <.1% of total body weight. Daily required amount <100mg

Dietary Reference Intakes

nutritional reference to guide the intake of essential nutrients so deficiencies or excess of a nutrient does not happen

give the name and atomic symbol of 4 trace elements

Iodine I, Iron Fe, Zinc Zn, Copper Cu, Manganese Mn, Cobalt Co, Selenium Se

which trace element is required for the production of thyroid hormones?

Iodine

Which 2 trace elements are required for normal growth

Zinc, and Manganese

Which 3 trace elements are involved in the production of hemoglobin/red blood cells?

Iron, Copper, Cobalt

The over consumption of which essential elements are associated with cardiac issues

Sodium and manganese

What does an atomic number indicate about an atoms nucleus

it indicates the number of protons in the nucleus

what does a mass number indicate about an atoms nucleus

it indicates the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

How do isotopes of an element differ from one another

they have different numbers of neutrons, their physical properties are often slightly different because of the different number of neutrons giving a different mass

most elements in nature exist

in isotopic form

how are elements arranged in the periodic table

by increasing atomic number and elements with similar chemical properties are positioned in vertical columns.

atomic weight

also known as amu, is average mass of atoms of an element taking into account isotopes, gives weighted average

period in periodic table

horizontal row of elements

group in periodic table

vertical column of elements

physical properties of metals

metals, solid at room temp, luster, ductile, conductor

physical properties of nonmetals

liquid/gas at room temp, brittle, non conductor, low melting/boiling point

2 elements that belong to the halogen group

Fluorine F, Chlorine Cl, Bromine Br, Iodine I

2 elements that belong to the noble gas group

Helium He, Neon Ne, Argon Ar, Radon Rn, Krypton Kr

2 elements that belong to the alkali metal group

Lithium Li, Sodium Na, Potassium K, Francium Fr

2 elements that belong to the alkaline earth metal group

Calcium Ca, Barium Ba, Radium Ra, Beryllium Be, Magnesium Mg

valence electron

an electron in the outermost energy level of an element or electron shell, help in formation of chemical bonds, all elements want to have 8

Nuclear reaction

a reaction in which changes occur in the nucleus of an atom

nuclide

is an atom with a specific atomic number and a specific mass number

stable nuclide

a nuclide with a nucleus that does not readily undergo change, correlation between the stability and number of nucleons in a nucleus, correlation between the stability and neutron-to-proton ratio in nucleus

unstable nuclide

a nuclide with a nucleus that spontaneously undergoes change

radioactivity

the radiation spontaneously emitted from an unstable nucleus

radioactive nuclide

nuclide with an unstable nucleus from which radiation is spontaneously emitted

alpha particle

a particle in which two protons and two neutrons are present that is emitted by certain radioactive nuclei, helium, positive component

beta particle

a particle whose charge and mass are identical to those of an electron, emitted by certain radioactive nuclei, produced in nucleus then ejected, negative component

positron

particle with same mass as beta particles, but with a positive charge

gamma ray

form of high-energy radiation without mass or charge

radioactive decay

the process where a radionuclide is transformed into a nuclide of another element as a result of the emission of radiation from its nucleus

parent nuclide

the nuclide that undergoes decay in a radioactive decay process

daughter nuclide

the nuclide that is produced in a radioactive decay process

alpha particle decay

the radioactive decay process in which an alpha particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus

beta particle decay

the radioactive decay process in which a beta particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus

gamma ray emission

the radioactive decay process in which a gamma ray is emitted from an unstable nucleus

half-life

the time required for one-half of a given quantity of a radioactive substance to undergo deca

why are alpha emitters not used for diagnostic purposes?

their low penetrating power cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin

what information might a nurse who is working with a patient who had just undergone radiation therapy?

the effects of exposure to the radiation on her body

background radiation

radiation that comes from natural sources to which living organisms are exposed on a continuing basis

how can shielding provide protection from radiation

it absorbs, blocks, or redirects the radiations energy. materials with high atomic numbers, like lead, are effective for gamma rays, and lighter materials are effective for stopping alpha and beta particles

examples of how radiation is used for the diagnosis and treatment of disease

gallium-67 is used to locate abscesses and sites of infection. The compound binds to white blood cells and the gamma ray emission from the gallium-67 is able to be traced to the site.

Thalium-201 is effective in diagnosing heart disease. The radionuclide will only bond to normal blood flow tissue leading to the detection of heart tissue that lacks blood

also used for the determination of tumor size and shape, and treatment of cancers

what is one atomic mass unit (amu) approximately equal to?

mass of one proton

Which property of an element is determined by the neutrons?

isotopes

Which subatomic particle is responsible for chemical reactivity?

electron