Geography final

'Complementarity' spatial interaction principle

Trade between spaces where one has a surplus of an export and the other has a demand for that export.
Ex: Germany: beer production less wine production -> Italy: wine production less beer production

'Intervening opportunity' spatial interaction principle EUROPE

When a closer source of supply lessens trade with a farther source of the same resource.
Ex: Italy more likely to trade with Austrian beer if cheaper (closer) than German beer

'Transferability' spatial interaction principle (Europe)

The ease and cost-effectiveness of transporting resources between locations, often improved by transportation technology (less problems).
Ex: shipping by boat = least expensive

• Rivers, road networks (connectivity)

"LATIN AMERICAN CITY" - Zone In situ accretion

Zone draws people to area

"LATIN AMERICAN CITY"- Zone of maturity

zone lacks maintenance, houses lower class

1500s caribbean

(time period)Spanish treasure ships to land= 1st European contact
⁃ acted as gateway to Americas North and South

1600s caribbean

(time period) European colonial holdings
Spain/Portugal leave -> Britain, France, Netherlands takeover
-sugar plantations expand
sugar= valuable cash crop
-plantation economy + slave labor upticks

1850 Industrial Revolution Europe impact on Africa

Europeans increased demand for mineral resources; need to expand agricultural production

1903-present day caribbean

(time period) Guantanamo Bay (Cuba) - US military base
⁃ Displays long term US strategic control

1914 caribbean

(time period) Panama Canal opens
Shortens global trade routes

• Region important for shipping + military

1962 caribbean

(time period) Cuban Missile Crisis
US vs USSR Conflict in Cuba
-Carribean= cold war hotspot

1983 caribbean

(time period) US occupies Granada
⁃ Military intervention stopping spread of communism

1989 caribbean

(time period) US occupies Panama (again)
⁃ Controlling canal + political influences

1994 caribbean

(time period) US occupies Haiti
⁃ Continued US involvement in Caribbean conflicts

2025 caribbean

US threatens takeover of Panama Canal
⁃ Shows region still of importance

Agrarian (industrial) Revolution

It began in the 1750s in the UK; it enabled increased food production, sustained population growth, and a higher standard of living.

AIDS

2018, 270,000 deaths; 40% decrease since 2010
-affects states in south africa
-pop. density dependent: more population= more spread
-will always be a problem

Alpine system landscape europe

Confined to southern Europe, complex terrain, mountain areas

Amazon river region Population

Significant population alongside it.

• Transportation and resources

Andes Mountains

made of 3 mountain chains

• Active with volcanoes

Atlantic Slave Trade (in the americas)

-slaves went to south America (Brazil)
-North America had 20% black people
-less slaves in north America than south America

Belgium Colonial Policy (Rwanda, Congo (Zaire), Burundi)

-Paternalistic; Treated Africans as children who needed teaching of western ways
-Educated disrespectfully
-Raw resource extraction-> central
- ignored native development

Berlin Conference

1884; 14 states divided Africa, no consideration for first cultures

• divided cultures and people, unions split
  -migration routes closed off
  Ex: Privy Strip

Bilharzia (schistosomiasis)

Disease → 212 million requiring treatment

Bolivia

12.1 Million people (dispersed)
R: natural gas, silver, zinc, tin
⁃ Landlocked (no access to ocean)

• leads to Difficulties in trading resources

Brazil east coast region (near Rio) population

High population on coast

• Settlers + immigration

insular Caribbbean landscape

small + larger volcanic islands (region)
High pop. density + cult. diversity on small land area
-limited natural resources
-affects development + economic stability

carribbean pleasure periphery- constraints

markets for agricultural exports
⁃ limited resource base

carribbean pleasure periphery- negatives: Environmental Impacts

Resorts = built environments
Destruction of habitats to build
Increased pollution
⁃ More tourism= more waste produced by bodies (sewage overproduction)

carribbean pleasure periphery- negatives: foreigner residence

Foreign-owned resorts & services
Best jobs filled by foreign nationals-regarding tourist interaction (no language barrier)
Profits flow back to core
• Foreigners send money home to core country

carribbean pleasure periphery- negatives: Social Impacts

Prostitution, Crime, cultural modification
"Commodification" of culture
-cultural practices as tourist destinations- Ex: traditional dances at resorts for entertainment
⁃ Wouldnt happen in an American or Canadian resort

carribbean pleasure periphery- negatives: Tourism = unstable economy

-variability
If people unable to afford vacation -> no money for tourism-reliant regions

carribbean pleasure periphery- opportunities

growth in the core
higher tourism demand
~26 million visitors contribute ~$30 Billion USD to island economies per year
⁃ climate/environment

carribbean pleasure periphery- positives

Employment opportunities-Working at resorts, beaches, hotels, in tourism industry
Improves foreign exchange payments
Strengthen relations with core countries
Influencing travel to region
 • Builds infrastructure

Central Uplands

higher elevation plateau regions that are not coastal.

centrifugal forces

forces driving people apart
Ex: separatism in Quebec

centripetal forces

forces pulling people together, uniting a country • ⁃ Ex: successful railroad system (Canadian Pacific Railway)

CHILE

18.5 MILLION (less than half Argentina population)
R: copper, nitrates, fishing, vineyards
-elongated country (4000 km)
90% population in central region

Colombia

49 million people
R: oil, coffee, coal, cocaine.

• far from coast -> hard to reach resources
• Torn by violence (government + criminal organizations)
  Key cities: Bogota and Medellin.

colonialism history- 1500s (Africa)

(Time period) looking for resources - slaves in africa

colonialism history- 1850 (africa)

(time period) industrial revolution occurs in Europe, increased demand for mineral resources
-need to expand agricultural production → goes to region south of europe for expansion

Communication difficulties in africa

Communication impeded by desert, dense forest, lack of navigable rivers in certain regions
-Dry areas, harsh environments
-Language barriers- many languages spoken across continent

Concentric zone model

Downtown -> central business district
Outside circles= industrial area

• Looks like a target
  ⁃ Found in lots of North American cities

Contagious diffusion

things spreading through contact

Culture dualities in Caribbean- First Nations cultures vs. African slave culture

Diverse cultures seen in region similar to Canada + multiculturalism

Dual Economy

most states using this economy rely on one crop/mineral for export + are vulnerable to world market fluctuations
-this economy is a problem

Dualities: Politics Extremes in Caribbean- Socialism vs. fascism leaderships

Socialist leadership backgrounds in Cuba (Fidel Castro)
Right wing, fascist dictatorship uprise in Haiti

• Drastic range of political extremes in small area

Dualities: Wealth Extremes in Caribbean- Rich vs. Poor people

Rich: very wealthy, large houses + acorages outside of tight core regions
Poor: living in poverty/marginal conditions -> urban areas
⁃ extreme lifestyle differences depending on conditions

Duality of The Caribbean

region w/ extreme dualities in wealth, politics, cultures, economies

• location+proximity impacts

Early Kingdoms - ghana

-agriculture impossible- region developing w/ trade

Economic Development in Caribbean

• raw material exploitation
  -agricultural + tourist components
  -manufacturing -> cheap labour for north american market

Economic dualities in Caribbean- Plantations vs. Tourism resources

Traditional plantation culture (Exporting crops)
Less humanly exploitative -> abolishment of slavery
Tourism (resorts, pools, hotels, beaches)
⁃ Attracts global travellers to vacate to region

Ecuador

17.4 million people
R: oil, coffee, cacao, shrimp/fish -> access to ocean= fishing
Guayaquil- largest city + commercial centre
Quito- Capital + administrative center

Elite residential sector - "LATIN AMERICAN CITY"

high income residence
⁃ Close to commercial region

Endemic

occurs within population
levels decrease with herd immunity
diseases take energy, lowers resistance, shortens lives

Epidemic

Sudden outbreak at local, regional scale
Ex: "epidemic of measles in the state of Texas"

FORWARD(PLANNED) CAPITAL

capital city in contested/potentially contesetd terrritory
often between borders + big cities
Ex: ottawa on ONT/QB border between Tor and Mnt

France Colonial Policy (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast)

-Assimilationist; Enforced direct rule spreading culture through language, laws, education and dress(acculturation)

Germanic languages

(Dutch, German, Danish, English)

Great Britain Colonial Policy

Policy affected Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe
-Indirect rule; Indigenous power structures left intact, local rulers = representatives of crown

Greater Antilles region caribbean

CUBA-largest island+ resources
HISPANIOLA-1 island, 2 countries (Haiti, DomRep)
JAMAICA-Cultural/ economic importance -> tourism
PUERTO RICO-Territory of US, ongoing US influence to region

Green Revolution

transitioning landscapes in Africa -> more commercial

• Economy is growing
  -Increase in agriculture production

How are 'marginal areas' or shantytowns in Brazil characterized?

They rely on reusing garbage or waste for materials and reducing the use of necessities to extend their lifespan.

How did colonial powers divide South America to manage rivalry?

Spain took the west and Portugal took the east, with the Dutch, French, and English coming later + having less influence.

How does Europe's Moderate distances provide advantages?

impacts transportation, trade, technology, etc.

• can travel through many countries & climates in Europe in 6 hours
• from Regina(Canada Climate) only get to Winnipeg in 6 hours

How does Europe's proximity to the sea affect its climate?

It makes the climate more stable by reducing drastic temperature swings and providing moisture for agriculture.

How does La Niña differ from El Niño?

It is the opposite phase, characterized by stronger trade winds and enhanced cold water upwelling.

How does population distribution affect national unity?

Dispersed populations may feel less unified, while concentrated populations may feel closer together.

How is a 'Prorupt' country shape defined?

An area that is mostly compact with narrow, elongated extension
Compact region= major city + population
Extension region= isolation + lack communication

• Ex: Austria

How is South America classified in terms of global power?

It is considered one of the dominating powers and is classified as a merging region (semi-peripheral).

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION UK

1750-1850
factories increased city urbanization
produced distinct spatial pattern in Europe
facilitated by Board transportation

insular land

land completely surrounded by water (an island)

Land Alienation in Africa

Refers to the taking of african land
-best quality land taken by Europeans
-Happens in colonized places

Land Tenure In Africa

• Affected by colonialism
  Refers to the way people own, occupy and use the land
  Ex: first nations never owned land, Europeans believed in land onwership

LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Follows sector model
Commercial area in centre ⬇️

• Elite residential sector
• Zone of maturity
• Zone In situ accretion
• Zone of peripheral squatter settlements
  Ex: Sao Paulo

Lesser Antilles region caribbean

Leeward (Virgin Islands - Guadeloupe)-Smaller islands ties to European countries
Windward (Dominica - Trinidad and Tobago)-independent nations
Leeward Antilles (Isla de Margarita - Aruba)-close to South America

Malaria

(Disease) in 2019: 215 million cases, 385,000 deaths

malnourished

improper nourishment thru nutrient absent foods

Medical geography

Addresses spatial aspects of diseases, health and health care

• Where things occur, how they transition across landscape

Mediterrsntan (middle earth) countries

Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Cyprus

Multiple Nuclei models

Central main business district in middle + additional business districts dispersed through city
⁃ Ex: harbour landing in same area homes and commercial buildings interact

Nation - political geography

a group of people who share common beliefs regardless of location
Ex: rider nation

North European Lowland

(EUROPE) fairly coastal land - consists of land worn down by geomorphic processes.

Out migration in cuba

Immigration from Caribbean to core countries

• seen since 1900s
  due to lack of opportunities/jobs on small islands

Pampas region brazil population

Southernmost region of Brazil
-high population
-suitable farming conditions

Pandemic

Worldwide spread
Global infection
Ex: COVID-19

Paraguay

7.4 million people
-mix Europeans, Indigenous, diverse cultures
-95% Mestizo

• transitional state (landlocked)

Peninsula

piece of land surrounded by water on ONE side + connected to larger land mass

peninsular land

land surrounded by water on three sides and connected to a larger landmass.

peru

32.4 million people
fishing, irrigated agricutlure, sugar, cotton, rice, fruit, oil, minerals
• Many diverse resources to exploit = opportunity for economic development

• Lima= Primate city (9.5 million)

Physical Landscape of Caribbean

Greater Antilles: Fault block mountains (larger islands)
Continental fragments surrounding
Lesser Antilles: volcanic island arch
Plate contact occurs -> earthquakes common in area

Political Geography

geographical reasons certain distributions exist across land (spatial distributions)

• how we organize ourselves politically

POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS EUROPE

Pre-date agrarian + industrial revolution
-parliamentary representation + democracy
Ex: Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• French Revolution (1789-1795)

population in caribbean in 1965

17 million people

population in caribbean in 2000

32 million people

population in caribbean in 2025

40 million people

• Population increasily slowly (more stable)

Portugal Colonial Policy

Policy affected Guinea- Bissau, Angola, Mozambique
-Exploitation; rigid control, raw resource extraction->central
First to enslave + colonize - last to grant independence

Primate city

singular city that dominates country (in population + development)
⁃ Feature seen in South America

Pros and cons of nationalism

Pros: binds people together
 Cons: can reach extremes (discrimination etc)

Result of linking caribbean to atlantic economy (after 1650)

process resulted in Strong economic dependence on Europe, Long term under development + inequality (negative)

Population diversity (positive)