Brain 4 Cerebellum/ Cerebrum

Cerebellum consists of

cerebellar hemispheres(2) and folia of the

cerebellum)

WHERE?

Anterior and posterior

lobes separated by the

primary fissure

▪ Vermis (narrow band of

cortex) (separates the

hemispheres)

WHERE?

- Flocculonodular lobes

– Purkinje cells

– Cerebellar nuclei

Arbor vitae

Connects cerebellar cortex

with cerebellar peduncles

Cerebellar peduncles( Superior)

connect

cerebellum with

mesencephalon,

diencephalon, and cerebrum

Cerebellar peduncles( middle )

communicate

between cerebellum and

pons

Cerebellar peduncles( Inferior )

connect cerebellum

with the medulla oblongata

Frontal lobe

conscious control of skeletal muscles

Occipital lobe

perception of visual stimuli

Parietal lobe:

conscious perception of touch,

pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste

Temporal lobe

conscious perception of auditory

and olfactory stimuli/deep is the insula

Precentral gyrus(motor and sensory)

Consists of primary

motor cortex and

pyramidal cells

Postcentral gyrus

Consists of the primary

somatosensory cortex

Postcentral gyrus neurons receive

somatic

sensory information for

touch, pressure, pain, taste,

and are associated with

visual cortex, auditory

cortex, olfactory cortex,

and gustatory cortex

Association Areas

Areas associated with integrating

and understanding sensory or

motor information

Somatosensory association

area

allows for the

understanding of size, form,

and texture

Premotor cortex

uses

memories of learned

movement to coordinate motor

activities

Visual association area

visually recognizes and

interprets objects

Auditory association area

recognizes sound

The integrative centers( higher-order functions)

Integrate complex sensory

stimuli and motor

responses

Cerebral cortex( higher-order functions areas )

The speech center (Broca’s

area)

– The prefrontal cortex

– Wernicke’s area

Characteristics of higher-order functions

They are performed by the cerebral cortex. They involve communication between cerebral cortex areas and

other areas of the brain, information processing, no matter what, can modify and adjust.

Wernicke’s area

Analytical area/plays a

role in personality

Speech center (Broca’s

area)

Speech production /

regulates breathing

pattern for speech

The Prefrontal Cortex

▪ Performs complicated learning and reasoning functions

Hemispheric Lateralization( left)

Speech center,

writing, language,

mathematics

Hemispheric Lateralization( right )

Analysis by touch,

spatial visualization

Association fibers( white mater)

Tracts that interconnect areas

of neural cortex within a

hemisphere (arcuate fibers

and longitudinal fasciculi)

Commissural fibers (white matter)

Tracts that connect the two

hemispheres (anterior

commissure and corpus

callosum)

Projection fibers (white matter)

Tracts of afferent and efferent

fibers are known as the

internal capsule

The Basal Nuclei

These are masses of gray

matter embedded in the white

matter inferior to the lateral

ventricles

The Basal Nuclei function

Process, integrate, and relay information from the cerebral cortex, coordinate learned movement patterns, and Involve themselves with subconscious control and integration of skeletal muscle tone

The Basal Nuclei

– Consist of:

Caudate nucleus, Lentiform nucleus, Claustrum, and Amygdaloid body

Caudate and Lentiform nucleus

Subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary

motor commands

Claustrum

Plays a role in the subconscious processing of visual

information

Amygdaloid body

Component of limbic system

Caudate Nucleus and

Putamen

Control the cycles of

arm and leg

movements when

walking

Globus Pallidus

Adjusts muscle tone to

prepare for walking

The Limbic System

Located between the cerebrum

and the diencephalon just

superior to the corpus callosum

The Limbic System functions

Establishes emotional

states

▪ Links the conscious

functions with the

unconscious autonomic

functions

▪ Facilitates memory storage

and retrieval

WHERE?

The limbic system

consists of:

▪ Limbic lobe

– Cingulate gyrus

– Dentate gyrus

– Parahippocampal

gyrus

▪ Hippocampus

The fornix

Tract of white matter

connecting the

hippocampus with the

hypothalamus

Many fornix fibers extend to

the

mammillary bodies