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Reliability
The consistency of a measure, leading to reliable and replicable studies.
Replicability
Enhanced by clear operational definitions and appropriate sampling techniques.
Simple random sampling
Each individual in the population has an equal chance of being included.
Systematic sampling
Individuals are selected from the population using a fixed interval frame.
Stratified sampling
Used for heterogeneous populations to represent differences proportionally.
Cluster sampling
Employed when the population is widely dispersed and can be subdivided into clusters.
Convenience sampling
Participants are recruited wherever possible without a specific system.
Volunteer sampling
Participants volunteer following advertisement, often linked to snowball sampling.
Validity
Refers to the nature of the construct measured and its interpretations and uses.
Reliability vs
Reliability is a quantitative property of test responses, while validity is about the interpretation of test scores.
Content validity
Based on the evaluation of subjects, topics, and content covered by test items.
Criterion related validity
Obtained by evaluating the relationship of scores on the test to other measures.
Construct validity
Involves a comprehensive analysis of how scores relate to other measures within a theoretical framework.
Face validity
Judgment on how relevant test items appear to be, especially in the early stages.
Factor analysis
Examines patterns in variables to condense information into underlying dimensions.
Ceiling effects
When a significant percentage of participants score the maximum possible score.
Floor effects
When a considerable percentage of participants obtain the minimum available score.
Exploratory vs
Different types of factor analysis approaches.
Bartlett's test of sphericity
Tests if the correlation matrix departs significantly from an Identity Matrix.
Kaiser Meyer Olkin level
Measure of sampling adequacy for factor analysis, typically > 0.7.