Year 9 Science Half Yearly Examination - Vocabulary Practice

These vocabulary flashcards are based on the Year 9 Science Assessment Task 2 Notification. They cover core scientific terminology for the topics of Disease, Materials, and scientific inquiry skills required for the Half Yearly Examination.

Pathogen

A biological agent that causes disease, categorized by type and mode of transmission.

First Line of Defence

The initial physical and chemical barriers of the body designed to prevent the entry of pathogens.

Second Line of Defence

The body's non-specific internal response to pathogens that have bypassed the first line of defence.

Third Line of Defence

The specific immune response involving specialized cells that target and remember specific pathogens.

Nervous System

A communication system in the body that uses electrical signals to coordinate functions.

Endocrine System

A communication system in the body that uses hormones to regulate various physiological processes.

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment to ensure a functioning organism.

Vaccination

A method used to provide immunity and manage the spread of disease by preparing the immune system for specific pathogens.

Renewable Resources

Resources that can be naturally replenished over time and are not depleted by use.

Non-renewable Resources

Resources that exist in finite amounts and cannot be replaced once they are consumed.

Natural Resources

Materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

Made Resources

Resources that are manufactured or processed by humans from natural materials.

Mining Rehabilitation

The process of restoring land to a functional state after mining activities have been completed.

Valency

The combining power of an element, determined by the number of electrons it can lose, gain, or share.

Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell of an atom that determines its chemical reactivity.

Electron Configuration

The arrangement or distribution of electrons in the various shells of an atom.

Bohr Model

A scientific model representing an atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits.

Assess

To determine the effectiveness or significance of a subject, often using evidence to conclude if it is successful.

Identify

To recognize and name a specific example or feature of a concept.

Compare

To examine the characteristics of two or more items to identify similarities and differences using specific criteria.

Describe

To provide details about the features or characteristics of a process, object, or concept.

Explain

To provide reasons or causes for a phenomenon, detailing how the cause leads to a specific result.

Remediation

The action of remedying or correcting environmental damage or health issues.

Transmission

The mechanism by which a pathogen is spread from one host to another.

Vector

An organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.

Direct Transmission

The transfer of a pathogen through physical contact between an infected individual and a susceptible host.

Indirect Transmission

The transfer of a pathogen through contaminated surfaces, air particles, or vectors rather than direct physical contact.

Hygiene

Conditions or practices, such as cleanliness, that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.