wh2 final (all new stuff)

The Cold War (c. Potsdam Conf. 07/45 to Soviet Collapse 12/91)

1945 – 1991

The US-sponsored Marshall Plan announced (in effect: 1948-1951)

1947

The Korean War

1950 – 1953

Main US involvement in Vietnam

1964 – 1975

November – The “fall” of the Berlin Wall (originally built in 1961)

1989

Détente

French word meaning: a relaxation of tensions or strained relations

Domino Theory

theory in US foreign policy after WW II stating that the “fall” of a state to communism would precipitate the fall of governments in neighboring states – as a row of dominoes: one falls, others fall

Glasnost

greater openness

Perestroika

restructuring

SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

agreements between the US & USSR aimed at limiting the production/deployment of nuclear weapons

Watergate

building in Washington, DC, scene of a bungled bugging attempt during the 1972 election campaign

United Nations

Security Council – 5 permanent members, possess veto rights

After WW II, the “liberating” Soviets (Red Army) supported the establishment of communist regimes …

Eastern Europe was to be a “buffer zone”

Cold War

state of existing tension between the Soviet Union & US, termed “cold” because it falls short of a shooting war directly between the USSR & the US

Cold War aspects

bipolar alliance system developed, becomes a conflict through proxy

After WW II, Germany was a divided land – carved into _____ by the victorious Allies

4 occupation zones

Berlin

located inside the Soviet zone – city of Berlin also divided into 4 sectors

____l gives his “Iron Curtain” speech

Winston Churchil, “an Iron Curtain has descended across the Continent.”

Truman pronounces what becomes known as the “Truman Doctrine”

it will not be applied to Eastern EU nations that have already fallen

Foreign Assistance Act announced

aka The Marshall Plan, it proved to be highly successful

Containment

became the core of US policy toward the Soviet Union

Berlin Blockade & then Berlin Airlift

Stalin closes surface access leading to W. Berlin, answer: airlift

NATO is formed

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, alliance that regards an attack on one as an attack on all

Cold War arms race, policy termed ___ will dominate

MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction)

civil war in China raged between Communists (Mao Tse-Tung) & Nationalists (Chiang Kai-Shek)

defeated, Chiang withdrew his forces to the island of Formosa (Taiwan) – Mao/Communists win

___ ignites a Red Scare and claims to have a list of communists employed by the State Department

Senator Joseph McCarthy

Korean War

surprise attack, communist North Korea attacked non-communist South Korea & pushed far south, Chinese troops entered the war on the NK side, fighting stabilized, armistice was signed

Warsaw Pact

treaty of mutual defense & military aid, represents the USSR’s formalized military alliance

Nikita Khrushchev

openly denounced Stalin

Sputnik

(world’s first manmade satellite) launched into orbit

Russian ____the first man launched into space (& orbit)

Yuri Gagarin

Berlin Wall is started

will encircle West Berlin and designed to stop defections to West Berlin

Cuban Missile Crisis

US intelligence detects offensive nuclear missile sites in Cuba, JFK wants the missiles/bases removed & imposes a strict quarantine (blockade) of materials to Cuba, Khrushchev ordered the Soviet ships to turn back

Congress passes Tonkin Gulf Resolution

allowed President Johnson: “Escalation”

President Nixon’s

1972 “surprise” visit to China

Iran Hostage Crisis

Iranians seized US Embassy in Tehran taking 66 US citizens hostage

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Afghan guerrillas (Mujahidin) with US arms waged jihad against troops armed/supported by the USSR

V used to represent ____

VIETNAM

France held colonial domination in

Indo-China (Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia)

France was decisively defeated at

Dien Bien Phu

____ ruled and controlled communist ____ which was based from ____

Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam, Hanoi

the US supported a non-communist _____ which was based from ____

South Vietnam, Saigon

a new Vietnamese War

began when communists in South V rebelled against the South V govt.

Viet Cong

communist guerrilla group operating in South V

Containment

was to be applied in Vietnam (“Domino Theory”)

Tonkin Gulf Resolution made it the era of “escalation”

China & the Soviet Union supported North Vietnam

TET Offensive

Viet Cong & North V forces seized urban areas in South V

US signs a cease-fire agreement

roops removed in 60 days

Saigon falls to communist forces

renamed: Ho Chi Minh City

Ronald Reagan elected President

to achieve favorable weapons agreements, the US had to be in a position of negotiating from strength

Reagan offers the “zero option” to the Soviets

the US would not proceed with the deployment of missiles in Europe

Reagan announces ____ – defensive missile “shield”, Soviets take it very seriously

SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)

NATO/the Reagan administration deployed ____s in Europe

intermediate range nuclear weapon

Chernobyl accident

nuclear power station near Kiev (Ukraine) exploded & burned

INF Treaty (intermediate nuclear forces)

irst arms-control treaty to abolish an entire category of weapon systems, the Soviets essentially accept the “zero option”

End of the Cold War

Hungary dismantled its border with Austria, Soviets do not stop it, East Germans celebrate when they can ignore (then dismantle) the Berlin Wall

Fall of the Soviet Union (USSR)

Soviet Union disbanded

May – Modern Israel becomes a nation

1948

October – Mao Tse-Tung proclaims People’s Republic of China

1949

US Supreme Court decides Brown v. Board of Education

1954

June – Tiananmen Square demonstrations in China

1989

Treaty of European Union takes effect (Maastricht)

1993

1994 Rwandan Genocide

ethnic groups: Tutsi & Hutu

Decolonization

gradual dismantling of imperialism

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman & president

State of Israel Proclaimed

US recognized the legitimacy of Israel

Six-Day War

Israeli pre-emptive air strikes destroyed Egyptian air force, Israel gained control of valuable territory

“Black September”

itle of a Palestinian terrorist organization responsible for “Munich”

Summer Olympics in Munich

11 Israelis were killed

Yom Kippur War

began on the Day of Atonement

Camp David Accords

Arab-Israeli reconciliation, treaty between Egypt & Israel

Iranian Revolution

riots in Iran, return of Ayatollah Khomeini & establishment of an Islamic Republic, Iranians seized the US Embassy in Tehran taking 66 US citizens hostage

Persian Gulf War

action by a US-led coalition to expel Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait

European Union

embraces over 25 countries, may represent the world’s largest economy

Margaret Thatcher

UK, known for her determination, the “Iron Lady”

France – French Republic

pursued greatness

Italy

political instability

West Germany

recovered, termed economic “miracles” economic recovery was rapid – resulted in Europe’s strongest post-war economy

GB Parliament partitions Ireland

Northern Ireland (aka Ulster) remains part of the UK, Ireland (Republic of Ireland) independent S. section of island

standoff led to what is termed ____

The Troubles

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

group with factions

Good Friday Peace accords

Republic of Ireland agreed to abstain from its goal of unification

“Jim Crow”

segregation laws govern most of African-American existence (White/Colored only)

Brown v. Board of Education

unanimous US Supreme Court decision, rejects “separate but equal”

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat in the “Whites Only” section of a bus, propels Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) into leadership for racial equality, US Supreme Court rules bus segregation is illegal

Little Rock School Crisis

Little Rock, Arkansas – (school desegregation)

Woolworth’s Lunch Counter Sit Down

ed to sit-ins throughout the South, four African-American students want coffee & doughnuts at the “White” section of a lunch counter, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee – SNCC

Birmingham, AL Campaign

in prison, MLK authors the forceful Letter from Birmingham Jail with its “Funtown” reference

March on Washington, D.C.

MLK addresses peaceful marchers at Lincoln Memorial, King delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech

Freedom Summer

attempt to increase voter registration of African-Americans throughout the South

MLK Assassinated

shot standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN

Great Leap Forward (Five-Year Plan)

esult: death in China

Cultural Revolution

dispute over the future of Chinese Socialism

Tiananmen Square Massacre in Beijing

govt. troops slaughtered thousands of demonstrators

embarked on rapid industrial development

Japan became an economic superpower

South Africa – post-war: blacks under ____ (strict system of racial segregation)

apartheid