NS + Special sense lab material

Tunics of the eye

Fibrous, vascular, sensory/neural

Iris

Smooth MT, controls diameter of pupil

Pupil

Regulates amount light coming into eye

Lens

changes shape to focus light on retina

Sclera

WFCT, provides a place for insertion of of tendon (ends where cornea begins)

Conjunctiva

Covers sclera, contains blood vessels, goblet cells, free nerve ending (if infected pink eye results) prevents eye from drying out

Iris

Smooth MT. Control diameter of pupil. Sphincter layer is parasympathetic and dilator layer is sympathetic

Ciliary muscle

Changes shape of lens (arranged circularly around suspensory ligaments)

Accommodation

Change in shape of lens. When relaxed- flat and stretched out (light is not bent as much) and when contracted- rounder and thicker (light is bent more)

Ciliary process

Filters blood to make aqueous humor

Myopic eyes

causes near sidedness (eye is too long, focal point does not reach back of eye)

Hypertophic eyes

causes far sidedness focal point is behind eye

Aqueous humor

maintains shape of cornea, drains through canal of schemm then returns to blood (found in anterior and posterior chambers)

2 layers of sensory/neural tunic

outer pigmented layer, inner neural layer

suspensory ligaments

hold lens in place and assist in accommodation

lacrimal gland

produces tears

Auricle/pinna

funnels sound waves

External auditory canal

transmits sound waves to eardrum

Tympanic membrane

converts sound waves into vibrations, transmits sound to middle ear

Ossicles (Malleus, incus, stapes)

Amplify sound waves

Pharyngotympatic tube (auditory tube)

Regulates pressure, leads to nasopharynx

Semicircular canals (anterior, lateral, posterior)

Detect rotational acceleration

Ampulla with crista ampullaris

Detects rotational acceleration, contains endolymph with the sensory cells that detect the movement of that liquid

Utricle (superior, flat) and Saccule (inferior, thick)

Detects linear acceleration

Oval window (found under stapes) and round window

Releases pressure created by other window and creates fluid sound wave

Spiral organ

made up of hair cells with stereocillia and tectorial membrane converts sound waves into electrical signals

Tectorial membrane

bends stereocillia

Basilar membrane

houses hair cells

vestibular and tympanic ducts

filled with perilymph, transmits sound waves to cochlear duct

Endolymph

high in potassium to generate action potential

Cochlear duct

filled with endolymph

Vestibular membrane

separates vestibular and cochlear ducts

Hair cells

sensory receptor cells that contain stereocillia that bend in tectorial membrane

Spiral ganglion

synapse with hair cells, contain cell bodies of bi-polar neurons

lumbosacral enlargement

due to innervation of lower limbs

cervical enlargement

due to innervation of upper limbs

Epidural space- only in spinal cord

cushioning to protect spinal cord, adipose and areolar CT

Dura mater

protection, WFCT

subdural space

potential space, may contain small amount of css

arachnoid

collagen and elastic fibers

subarachnoid space

contains roots, rootlets, CSF, blood vessels

pia mater

Areolar CT, holds blood vessels to spinal cord and brain

Denticulate ligaments

Lateral anchors for spinal cord (separate anterior rootlets from posterior)

Conus medullaris

Marks end of spinal cord

Cauda equina

Innervates lower limbs

Terminal filament of pia

vertical anchor for spinal cord, attaches to coccyx

Anterior (ventral) roots/rootlets

Carrys motor information away from spinal cord (efferent)

Posterior (dorsal) roots/rootlets

Transmits sensory info to spinal cord (afferent)

Dorsal root ganglion

contains general sensory, unipolar neurons

Anterior and posterior ramus

houses spinal vessels

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

mass activation for fight or flight

Gray communicating ramus

Contains unmyelinated post-ganglionic (medial)

White communicating ramus

Contains myelinated pre-ganglionic (lateral)

Medulla oblongata

Contains control centers for respiratory and cardiovascular systems and controls reflexes (autonomic)

Olives

Relay proprioception to cerebrum

pyramids

contains descending motor tracts, location of decussation

Pons

contains respiratory control centers also controls facial actions

cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, inferior)

connects cerebellum to the rest of CNS

Cerebral peduncles

Contains descending motor tracts

corpora quadrigemina

contains superior and inferior colliculi

Superior colliculi

visual reflex

inferior colliculi

auditory reflex

Substantia nigra

Start and stops movement

Red nucleus

maintains skeletal muscle tone

Vermis

attaches cerebellar hemispheres

folia

folds in cerebellum to increase surface area for integration

Arbor vitae

(White matter) Extension of cerebellar peduncles

Thalamus

processes and relays all sensory info except for smell

Interthalamic adhesion

Connects left and right halves of thalamus

Hypothalamus

Regulates emotions maintains homeostasis

Infundibulum

Connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

Pituitary

master endocrine gland

maxillary body

sensory relay for smell

Epithalamus (pineal gland)

Releases melatonin

Interventricular foramen

connects thirds ventricle to to lateral ventricles

All ventricles

House cerebrospinal fluid

Choroid plexus

filters blood, houses CSF

cerebral cortex

Gray matter, high-level functions

Longitudinal fissure

Divides left and right hemispheres

Frontal lobe

Responsible for higher functions: problem solving, speech, personality

Parietal lobe

interprets general sensory info

Occipital lobe

interprets visual info

Temporal

Interprets auditory and olfactory info

Insula

senses taste

pre-central gyrus

motor action

post-central gyrus

interprets sensory info

corpus callosum

white matter, allows for communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres

Corona radiate and internal capsule

projection tracts, axons connect cerebral cortex to another brain region

fornix

connects mammillary bodies to hippocampus

septum pallucidum

divides left and right lateral ventricles

Lentiform

composed of the putamen (darker, lateral) and globus pallidus (smaller, medial, light fibers)

Globus pallidus

works with red nuclei for muscle tone

Hippocampus

Encodes and retrieves long-term memory

Amygdala

perceives fear and helps encodes emotional memories

Falx cerebri

Separates right and left cerebral hemispheres

Arachnoid villi (wort-like)

Reabsorbs CSF into dural Venus sinuses

Falx cerebelli

separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli

Separates cerebellum and cerebrum

Circle of willis

Protects brain’s blood supply in case of blockage

Vertebral arteries

Supply circle of willis