Botany - Final Exam

Consists of the following: Introduction to Plant Science Chapter 6 quizzes 1 & 2, Chapter 7 quizzes 1 & 2, Chapter 11 quizzes 1 & 2, Chapter 12 quizzes 1 & 2, and Plant Biology notes.

True or False: Capillary water bonds to soil particles.

False

True or False: Soil evaporation rates are highest after irrigation or rainfall.

True

True or False: Some people can calibrate their sense of touch to estimate available soil water.

True

Within any temperature zone, the _______ of water is the most important factor in determining which plants will grow and how productive they will be.

A. Form

B. Quality

C. Color

D. Availability

D. Availability

Where is moisture for plant growth stored?

A. Soil

B. Stems

C. Leaves

D. Canals

A. Soil

ET is related to the surface area of what part of the plant?

The root system.

Water exists in what three forms?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

Water passes in and out of leaves through the _______, along with gases. These _______ can close to conserve water.

stomata, stomata

List five factors affecting evapotranspiration (ET).

Weather, crop type, crop growth stage, crop variety, and crop population.

Identify three ways soil moisture can be determined.

Feel method, electrical conductivity, and tensiometers.

True or False: Soil evaporation is an indirect way for water to move from soil to the atmosphere as water vapor.

False

True or False: Crop yields relate directly to evapotranspiration (ET).

True

True or False: Rainfall does not make a difference in the requirement for irrigation.

False

True or False: Physical features play an important role in identifying irrigation options.

True

Most of the surface area of a growing plant is the _____ area.

leaf

In general, how many pounds of water does it take to produce one pound of dry plant material?

500 lbs

________/_________ water, which is used by the plant, moves freely in the soil and can move up or down and horizontally.

Capillary/Gravitational

What are the two gases that make up water?

Hydrogen & Oxygen

What are three functions water performs in plants?

Photosynthesis, Nutrient Transport, & Turgidity

List the four basic methods of applying irrigation water.

Flood, furrow, sprinkler, & drip

True or False: Phosphorus availability is closely related to soil pH.

True

True or False: Magnesium can be translocated from older to younger plant parts.

True

True or False: A soil test measures only the soil pH.

False

True or False: The nutrient content of manure is consistent.

False

Hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to plants from carbon dioxide and water through ___________.

Photosynthesis

The manufacturing of most nitrogen fertilizers begins with the production of _______.

A. Potassium

B. Phosphorus

C. Carbon

D. Ammonia

D. Ammonia

Potassium deficiency in plants is evidenced by:

A. Black stalk

B. Yellowing at tips

C. Browning along leaf margins

D. Wilting

C. Browning along leaf margins

Name the two major divisions of nutrients for plants.

macronutrients and micronutrients

List the three main pathways through which nitrogen not used by plants is lost from the soil.

Leaching, erosion, dentrification, & volatilization

Soils with pH values below 7.0 are more ______, while soils with pH values above 7.0 contain more _______.

acidic, alkaline

True or False: Nitrogen is a part of every plant cell.

True

True or False: Sulfur can be supplied to the soil by rainwater.

True

True or False: Most nutrients are available to plants in various forms at any time.

False

True or False: Foliar fertilization is the process of feeding nutrients to plants through their foliage (stems, leaves, blooms).

True

What color do plant leaves turn if they do not have enough nitrogen?

Yellow lower leaves.

Which soil types lose more nitrates through leaching?

Sandy or gravelly.

Name four micronutrients that occur predominantly as cations in the soil solution?

Iron, copper, manganese, & zinc.

What element is essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll?

Iron

List the macronutrients.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,

How much nitrogen is in a fertilizer with these numbers: 20-27-5?

20%

Nitrogen’s (N) Function: promotes rapid _____; _______ formation synthesis of _____ acids and ______.

growth, chlorophyll, amino, protein

Nitrogen Deficiency Symptoms: stunted ____; ______ lower leaves, spindly stalks, pale ____ color.

growth, yellow, green

Calcium’s (Ca) Function: constituent of cell _____; aids cell ________.

walls, division

Calcium Deficiency Symptoms: deformed/____ terminal leaves; pale ____ color.

dead, green

Phosphorus’ (P) Function: stimulates root ______, aids seed ___________; used in ________ and _____________.

growth, formation, photosynthesis, respiration.

Phosphorus Deficiency Symptoms: _____ color in lower leaves and ______, dead spots on _____ and ______.

purplish, stems, leaves, fruits

Potassium’s (K) Function: increases ____, ____ resistance, stalk strength, and seed _______.

vigor, disease, quality

Potassium Deficiency Symptoms: scorching/________ of leaf margins on _____ leaves; weak stalks.

browning, lower

Chlorine’s (Cl) Function: not well _______; aids in root and shoot ______.

defined, growth

Chlorine Deficiency Symptoms: _____; ______ leaves

wilting, chlorotic

Magnesium’s (Mg) Function: component of ________ enzymes and vitamins; aids ________ uptake.

chlorophyll, nutrient

Magnesium Deficiency Symptoms: _________ yellowing (chlorosis) of lower leaves.

interveinal

Iron’s (Fe) Function: catalyst in ________ formation; component of _______.

chlorophyll, enzymes

Iron Deficiency Symptoms: interveinal ________ of upper leaves.

chlorosis

Copper’s (Cu) Function: component of _________; chlorophyll synthesis and __________.

enzymes, respiration

Copper Deficiency Symptoms: _____ buds die; thick, ____ upper leaves, with curling.

terminal, brittle

Maganese’s (Mn) Function: ______ synthesis.

chlorophyll

Maganese Deficiency Symptoms: dark ____ leaf veins; interveinal _______.

green, chlorosis

Zinc’s (Zn) Function: needed for ______ and starch formation.

auxin

Zinc Deficiency Symptoms: interveinal _______ of upper leaves.

chlorosis

Molybdenum’s (Mo) Function: aids ____ fixation and ______ synthesis.

nitrogen, protein

Molybdenum Deficiency Symptoms: similar to _______.

nitrogen

Boron’s (B) Function: important to _________, ________, and cell _________.

flowering, fruiting, division

Boron Deficiency Symptoms: terminal ____ and ____ die; _____-______ color.

buds, leaves, blue, green

Photosynthesis occurs in _______.

sunlight

Photosynthesis produces ______.

food

Photosynthesis: ATP produced through ____________.

photophosphorylation

Photosynthesis occurs in ____ that contain _______.

cells, chloroplasts

Photosynthesis: _____ released; uses ____ and ______.

oxygen, carbon dioxide, water

Respiration occurs in ____ as well as _____.

dark, light

Respiration uses ____ for plant ______.

food, energy

Respiration: ATP produced through _______ ___________.

oxidative phosphorylation

Respiration occurs in all _____.

cells

Respiration uses _____; produces ____ and ______.

oxygen, water, carbon dioxide

True or False: Living systems can directly use light energy.

False

True or False: Chloroplasts are present only in leaves.

False

What is the end product of photosynthesis?

Glucose and Oxygen

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6H12O6

From which of the colored wavelengths does Chlorophyll B absorb its energy?

A. Violet-blue and reddish orange-red

B. Reddish-orange and green

C. Green

D. Green-yellow-orange

C. Green

What is another name for the light-independent process in plants?

The Calvin Cycle.

Radiant energy that plants capture by photosynthesis is turned into _______ energy.

chemical

Where does the dark reaction occur?

In the stroma of the chloroplast.

List the six factors that affect photosynthesis.

Light Quality (Wavelength), Light Intensity, Light Duration (Day Length), Carbon Dioxide Concentration, Temperature, and Water Availability.

The response to the length of dark period affects whether a plant is growing vegetatively or in the ________ stage.

reproductive

True or False: Grana are the structural units of photosynthesis.

False

True or False: Plants produce enough oxygen to be considered the primary source.

True

True or False: Carbon-fixing reactions are also known as dark reactions.

True

True or False: Many plant scientists consider carbon dioxide availability to be the limiting factor in the photosynthesis process.

True

What is the most important by-product of photosynthesis?

Oxygen

From which of the colored wavelengths does Chlorophyll A absorb its energy?

A. Violet-blue and reddish orange-red

B. Reddish-orange and green

C. Green

D. Green-yellow-orange

A. Violet-blue and reddish orange-red

Plants suffering water stress will close their _______ and photosynthetic activity will slow or cease.

stomata

Where does the light reaction occur?

It occurs in the Grana and the dark reactions in the stroma of the chloroplasts.

_________ is the tendency for plants to lean in the direction of the greatest light intensity.

Phototropism

A plant’s reaction to the duration of light can be classified as _____-day, ______-day, or day-______.

short, long, neutral

True or False: Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis.

True

True or False: The net effect of respiration is the opposite of the net effect of photosynthesis.

True

True or False: The age of a plant does not affect respiration.

False

True or False: The amount of glucose used can be determined and the amount of oxygen consumed can be measured in respiration.

True

True or False: Photosynthesis occurs only during daylight hours.

True

Aerobic means that respiration occurs in the presence of:

A. Carbon Dioxide

B. Proteins

C. Atmospheric Oxygen

D. Water

C. Atmospheric Oxygen