AP World | Chapter 37 | The End of Empire

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Day of Direct Action

A period of Muslim separatism and communalism in India that led to the Great Calcutta Killing.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Leader of the Muslim League who pushed for the partition of India.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Leader of the Congress Party during the Indian independence movement and the $1947$ partition.

Nonalignment

The "third path" position adopted by India to navigate between Cold War power blocs.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader ($1890-1969$) who defeated the French in $1954$ and led North Vietnam.

Geneva Conference

A meeting held in $1954$ that resulted in the division of Vietnam at the $17 ext{th}$ parallel.

Balfour Declaration

A $1917$ British proclamation that expressed support for a Jewish "homeland" in Palestine.

Intifada

A term for uprisings and conflicts that occurred as Israel expanded its territory over five decades.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egyptian leader ($1918-1970$) who attempted to nationalize the Suez Canal in $1956$.

Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)

The Algerian organization that began guerrilla warfare against France in $1954$.

Frantz Fanon

Author of "The Wretched of the Earth" ($1961$), which served as a manifesto against colonial rule.

Négritude

A movement meaning "blackness" that reaffirmed African civilization and revolted against white colonial values.

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader ($1909-1972$) of Ghana, the first sub-Saharan colony to achieve independence in $1957$.

Kikuyu

An ethnic group in Kenya that launched attacks on British and "collaborationist" Africans starting in $1947$.

Apartheid

A system established in $1948$ in South Africa where 87 ext{%} of the territory was reserved for whites.

Freedom Charter

A document published by the African National Congress (ANC) in $1955$ to outline their goals for a new South Africa.

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader ($1918-2013$) who was jailed in $1963$ and later became president after the end of white minority rule.

Great Leap Forward

A pervasive economic and cultural engineering policy implemented by Mao Zedong in China from $1958$ to $1961$.

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

A period of intense cultural and political change in China between $1966$ and $1976$.

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader ($1904-1997$) who came to power in $1981$ and moderated the policies of Maoism.

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Nehru ($1917-1984$) who led India through the green revolution and implemented forced sterilization.

Jihad

A term for holy war that became a central concept as Muslims moved toward radicalism during the Islamic resurgence.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Leader of the Iranian Revolution of $1979$ that overthrew Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi leader ($1937-2006$) who attacked Iran in $1980$ and later Kuwait in $1990$, provoking the Gulf War.

Pan-Africanism

A movement to promote unity and cooperation among African states to overcome arbitrary colonial boundaries.

Juan Perón

The elected president of Argentina ($1895-1974$) beginning in $1946$ whose wife Eva was highly popular.

Dependency theory

An ideology in Latin America focused on the search for economic equality and understanding international economic relationships.

Sétif Massacre

A $1945$ event in which French forces killed Algerians, sparking a simmering conflict that led to war in $1954$.

Green revolution

An agricultural movement in India that flourished under Indira Gandhi and significantly increased crop yields.

Paris Peace Accords

The agreement that marked the end of direct U.S. involvement in the civil war between North and South Vietnam.