World History Semester 2 Final

Moneychangers

men experienced in judging the approximate value of coins, discovering counterfeit currency, and determining one currency’s value in relation to another

Banca

”bench,” the table of the moneychangers

Just price

a price that included the most of materials, a fair return for the labor expended and a reasonable profit

Charter

a legal document that outlined the privileges granted to a town by a feudal lord

Guildes

organization whose primary functions was to regulate the business activity of a given town

Apprentice

first class of a craft guild; lived in the home of a master for two to seven years and learned trade skills and proper conduct

Journeyman

second class of a craft guild; day laborer, could seek employment and earn wages as a skilled worker

Masters

third class of a craft guild; could open his own shop and take on apprentices and journeyman

Hanseatic League

an association composed of more than seventy German citizens in northwestern Europe; sought to organize and control trade in Sweden, Russia, Flanders, and England

Middle class

social class primarily composed of merchants, bankers, craftsmen, and skilled laborers.

Universitas

scholars who united for the common purpose of education

Scholasticism

a twelfth century intellectual movement that was characterized by a renewed interest in theology and philosophy

Anselm

realized that faith in God’s revelation is essential to proper understanding;one of the three most significant Scholastic thinkers

Peter Aberlard

advocated the frequent asking of questions as the “first key to wisdom”

Thomas Aquinas

scholasticism reached its height under him; called the “Prince of Schoolmen”

Roger Bacon

made significant contributions in the areas of physics, geography, and optics; advocated observation and experimentation as tests for scientific conclusions

Vernacular

common spoken language

Dante Alighieri

Italian poet; wrote Divine Comedy

Geoffrey Chaucer

English poet; wrote the Canterbury Tales

Romanesque

the prevalent architectural style in Europe from 1050 to 1150; means roman like

Gothic

light an delicate architecture beginning in the thirteenth century with flying buttresses higher ceiling thinner walls larger windows and stained glass windows

Innocent III

the papal power and prestige reached it height under him; exercised such great authority over both church and state

Boniface VIII

sought to control Europe the same way that Innocent III had; the pope during the decline of the Roman Catholic Church;

Unam Sanctam

papal bull by Boniface VIII; stated that obedience to the pontiff was necessary for salvation

Babylonian Captivity

the period from 1309 to 1377 when the papal court dwelt in Avignon France

Great schism

the period from the late fourteenth to early fifteenth century during which the Roman Catholic Church had two to three men claiming to be the pope

Council of Constance

fifteenth century Roman Catholic Church council that ended the Great Schism

Nation-states

an independent group of people having common traditions and ruled by a king

Indictments

accusation

Common law

uniform laws in England determined by justices

Magna Carta

a guarantee of feudal rights; one of the most important documents in English history because it showed that the king was under the law

Edward I

attempted to extend English rule over all of Britain- whales, scotland, and England; one of the most gifted medieval kings

Parliament

the English representative body consisting of two houses, the House of Commons and the House of Lords; had the “power of the purse”

Louis IX

Philip II’s grandson; has been called the ideal medieval king; combined sincere piety and just rule to build respect and loyalty for the french throne

Philip IV

known as “the Fair”; further expanded royal power in France; strengthened the organization and authority of the central government

Estates-General

French representative body composed of clergy, nobility, and townspeople

Hundred Years’ War

war between England an France during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; won by the French

Edward III

an English king who claimed to be the rightful heir to the French throne;

Joan of Arc

a simple peasant girl who believed that she heard voices from Heaven that had directed her to drive the English out of France; was burned at the stake; inspired a large sense of French nationalism

Wars of the Roses

series of conflicts between the houses of York and Lancaster over the English throne

Henry VII

founded the powerful Tudor dynasty

Reconquista

the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which was held by Muslims

Ferdinand

Heir to the throne of Aragon; married Isabella and was king of Spain

Isabella

Heir to the throne of Castile; married Ferdinand and became queen of Spain

1492

Ferdinand and Isabella completed the reconquest by driving the Moors out of Granada; Christopher Columbus under Spanish sponsorship landed in the New World

Golden Bull

established the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire

Diet

the German equivalent of the English Parliament and the French Estates-General

Habsburg

German noble family who built a strong vase of power (austria) amon the southern German States

Maximilian I

Greatly enlarged the Habsburg possessions through marriage

Renaissance

the revival of learning in Europe from the fourteenth century through the sixteenth century

Reformation

a protest against the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church during the sixteenth century

Humanism

a renewed focus on man’s capabilities

Medici family

prominent Italians who had become extremely wealthy through commerce and banking; used their riches and prominence to gain political control over the city of Florence

Lorenzo de Medici

the most notable and most generous patron of the Medici family; called Il Magnifico (The Magnificent)

Niccolo Machiavelli

One of the most influential Renaissance writers was the Florentine public official and political thinker __________

Erasmus

perhaps the most honored and influential scholar of the Renaissance; wrote In Praise of Folly used satire to point out the evils and follies of the Renaissance society

Thomas Moore

English humanist; wrote the book Utopia

Miguel de Cervantes

The foremost Spanish writer of the Renaissance period; wrote the book Don Quixote

William Shakespeare

considered the greatest playwright of all time and the finest poet in the English language; wrote Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear

Sandro Botticelli

added another dimension to Renaissance art: movement;

Leonardo da Vinci

was an accomplished sculptor, architect, painter, and musicians; He studied anatomy, botany, geology, astronomy, engineering, and mathematics; painted the Last Supper and The Mona Lisa

Raphael

completed an enormous number of paintings and frescoes in his short lifetime; studied under a master to perfect his works; painted The School of Athens

Michelangelo

one of the most famous artists in all of history; painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculpted the the famous David Statue

Sistine Chapel

a chapel in the Vatican; ceiling painted by Michelangelo

Albrecht Durer

a German painter;accomplished in the fields of writing, designing, engraving, and painting

Hans Holbein

considered the finest portrait painter of the Northern Renaissance; became the official court painter fo Henry VIII

Donatello

the leading sculptor of the early Renaissance; inspired Michlangelo

John Wycliffe

was a fearless teacher, a distinguished scholar and lecturer, and a patriotic leader; called the “Morning Star of the Reformation;” created the first complete English translation of the Bible- called the Wycliffe Bible

John Huss

a Bohemian reformer influenced by John Wycliffe; got summoned to the Council of Constance; was killed at the stake

Martin Luter

one of the leading reformers; created the 95 Theses; created the 5 sola doctrines

Sola fide

justification by faith alone; reformation doctrine that nan is not justified before God by his good works or by faith and woks but by faith alone

Leo X

launched a campaign to complete the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome; sent out agents to sell indulgences

Indulgences

certificates which according to Catholicism, granted pardon from the punishment of sins

Ninety-five These

a list of statement concerning the sale of indulgences that Martin Luther proposed as topics for a scholarly debate

Sola scriptura

literally means Scripture alone; became foundational to the Reformation