botany lec exam 1

Plant

Organism that performs photosynthesis and belongs to Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cellulose cell walls and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a and b.

Embryophytes

Plants that produce embryos.

Plant Morphology

Study of plant structure and form.

Plant Anatomy

Study of microscopic plant structures.

Plant Cytology

Study of plant cells.

Plant Molecular Biology

Study of plant molecules and cellular processes.

Plant Geography

Study of plant distribution on Earth.

Mycology

Study of fungi.

Plant Taxonomy/Systematics

Classification and naming of plants.

Pharmacognosy

Study of medicinal substances from natural sources.

Economic Botany

Study of plants with commercial importance.

Horticulture

Science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants.

Agronomy

Study of field crops and soils.

Forestry

Study of forest conservation and forest products.

Ethnobotany

Study of how people use plants in traditional cultures.

Palynology

Study of spores and pollen grains.

Plant Physiology

Study of how plants grow, develop, and function.

Plant Paleontology

Study of fossil plants and plant evolution.

Plant Genetics

Study of heredity and variation in plants.

Plant Ecology

Study of relationships between plants and their environment.

Scientific Method

Process of investigating questions through observation and experimentation.

Scientific Method Step 1

Recognize a problem.

Scientific Method Step 2

Develop a hypothesis.

Scientific Method Step 3

Design and perform an experiment.

Scientific Method Step 4

Analyze and interpret data.

Criteria of Science

Consistent, observable, natural, predictable, testable, and tentative.

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions.

Compound

A substance made of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Four Major Elements of Life

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Nitrogen.

Water (H₂O)

Most abundant biological molecule and medium that supports life.

Polar Molecule

Molecule with unequal distribution of charges.

Hydrogen Bond

Attraction between a hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom of another molecule.

Universal Solvent

Water because it dissolves many polar substances.

Cohesion

Attraction between water molecules.

High Heat of Vaporization

Water requires large amounts of energy to evaporate.

Organic Molecules

Carbon-containing molecules found in living organisms.

Inorganic Compounds

Water, oxygen, minerals, and salts.

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Main source of energy for cells.

Proteins

Biomolecules involved in structure and function.

Lipids

Biomolecules used for energy storage and membranes.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA; store genetic information.

Characteristics of Living Things

Organization, energy use, response, growth, reproduction, heredity, and evolution.

Growth

Increase in size and development.

Reproduction

Production of new individuals.

Heredity

Passing genetic information through DNA.

Evolution

Change in populations over time.

Biological Hierarchy

Order of organization in living systems.

Biosphere

All ecosystems on Earth.

Ecosystem

Community plus its physical environment.

Community

All populations in an area.

Population

Members of the same species in an area.

Organism

An individual living thing.

Organ System

Group of organs working together.

Tissue

Group of similar cells performing a function.

Cell

Basic unit of life.

Virus

Nonliving because it cannot reproduce independently.

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

Innovators of the first compound microscope.

Robert Hooke

First used the term "cell."

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microscopy and Microbiology.

Matthias Schleiden

Concluded that plants are made of cells.

Theodor Schwann

Concluded that animals are made of cells.

Rudolf Virchow

Stated that cells come from preexisting cells.

Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Cell Theory Part 2

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells lacking a nucleus; bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus; protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Primary Cell Wall

First cell wall formed around growing plant cells.

Primary Cell Wall Components

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins.

Secondary Cell Wall

Inner wall found in mature cells such as wood and cork.

Secondary Cell Wall Components

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin/suberin.

Cellulose

Main structural component of plant cell walls.

Hemicellulose

Alkali-soluble component of the cell wall.

Pectin

Water-soluble component of the cell wall.

Lignin

Adds strength and rigidity to cell walls.

Suberin

Waxy substance found in some secondary cell walls.

Plasma Membrane

Double phospholipid layer surrounding the cell.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Structure of the plasma membrane.

Intrinsic Proteins

Proteins embedded within the membrane.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins attached to the membrane surface.

Hydrophilic Heads

Water-attracting phospholipid heads.

Hydrophobic Tails

Water-repelling phospholipid tails.

Cytoplasm

Region containing organelles and cytosol.

Cytosol

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm.

Fluid-Mosaic Model

Model describing membrane structure and function.

Fluid-Mosaic Model (Fluid)

Membrane remains flexible due to phospholipids.

Fluid-Mosaic Model (Mosaic)

Proteins are arranged in different patterns across the membrane.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances without ATP.

Diffusion

Movement from high concentration to low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion with the help of channel or carrier proteins.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration between two areas.

Channel Protein

Protein that forms a passage through the membrane.

Carrier Protein

Protein that changes shape to move substances across the membrane.

What are examples of carbon containing non-organic compounds?

oxides of carbon (co2,co), bi/carbonates, cyanides (NaCN)

The polar molecule in the O region is

partially negative

The polar molecule in the H region is

partially positive

What does water release when it dissociates?

Hydrogen Ions (H+) & Hydroxide Ions (OH-)