Chemistry Notes - Stile Lesson 25/3/26

Flashcards covering atomic structure, chemical bonding, periodic table organization, types of chemical reactions, and factors affecting reaction rates based on Stile Lesson notes.

Inner Shell Electron Configuration

The structure of an atom where there are $2$ electrons on the inner shell, followed by $8$ and $8$ in subsequent shells.

Ionic bond

A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another (usually metal to non-metal), creating positive and negative ions that attract to form strong crystals like salt ($NaCl$).

Covalent bond

A bond formed when atoms share electrons to become more stable, forming molecules like water ($H_2O$) or carbon dioxide ($CO_2$).

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Periodic Table Groups

The vertical columns (up and down) in the periodic table.

Periodic Table Periods

The horizontal rows (left and right) in the periodic table, representing the number of electron shells.

Metals

Elements that are good conductors, lustrous, and have high melting and boiling points.

Metalloids

A group of only $6$ elements that share features of both metals and non-metals.

Non-metals

Elements that are dull, brittle (shatter easily), have low melting and boiling points, and are poor conductors of electricity.

$(s)$ symbol

The state of matter notation used to represent a solid.

$(l)$ symbol

The state of matter notation used to represent a liquid.

$(g)$ symbol

The state of matter notation used to represent a gas, such as $CO_{2(g)}$.

$(aq)$ symbol

The symbol for aqueous, meaning something is dissolved in water.

Signs of a chemical change

The four indicators: colour change, gas produced, solid formed, and temperature change.

Synthesis Reaction

A reaction where two or more substances combine to form one product, following the general form $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction where one compound breaks into simpler substances, following the general form $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

Displacement Reaction

A reaction where a more reactive element replaces a less reactive one, following the general form $A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$.

Neutralisation

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water ($\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + H_2O$).

Precipitation

A reaction where two solutions react to form an insoluble solid.

Combustion

A reaction where a fuel reacts with oxygen to release energy and produce carbon dioxide and water ($\text{Fuel} + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O$).

Exothermic Reactions

Reactions that release energy in the form of heat; 'exothermic' means external heat.

Endothermic Reactions

Reactions that consume energy and then cool down.

Activation energy

The minimum energy required for a successful collision to occur and start a chemical reaction.

Concentration

The amount of substance in a given volume; increasing this increases the likelihood of particle collisions and the reaction rate.

Surface area

The total area of a solid exposed to a reaction; increasing it (e.g., by grinding into powder) increases collision frequency and reaction rate.

Catalysts

Substances added to a reaction to increase the rate by decreasing activation energy and increasing the number of successful collisions.