TUDORS MEGA FLASHCARDS - H7 + H8

When was H7’s coronation?

30th October, before marriage and parliament

When did H7 marry Elizabeth of York?

January 1486

What was H7’s claim?

Edward III — John of Gaunt — Margaret Beaufort — H7

When did H7 go into exile?

1471

Which Yorkists were dealt with immediately after BoB?

Earl of Warwick imprisoned in the ToL

Earl of Surrey imprisoned until 1489

Duke of Northumberland imprisoned until the end of 1485

When was the Battle of Bosworth?

22nd August 1485

When was the Lovell Conspiracy?

1486

What happened to the Lovell conspirators?

Lovell fled to Flanders

Humphrey Stafford executed

Thomas Stafford pardoned and became loyal

When was the Cornish Rebellion?

1497

How did the Cornish Rebellion start?

Rebels assembled at Bodmin in May 1497

How many people did the Cornish Rebellion have at its peak?

15000

How was the Cornish Rebellion crushed?

25000 royal troops met them in June 1497 at Blackheath

When was the Yorkshire Rebellion?

1489

What subsidy did H7 for the situation with Brittany in 1489?

£100,000 but little from it was raised

Who led the Yorkshire Rebellion?

Sir John Egremont

Consequences of Yorkshire Rebellion

Earl of Surrey replace Northumberland and no tax collected

Who did Lambert Simnel pretend to be?

Earl of Warwick

When was the threat of Simnel?

1486-7

How many mercenaries did Margaret of Burgundy send Simnel?

2000

How did Simnel try to take the throne?

Landed in Lancashire with 8000 men June 1487, but crushed at Battle of Stoke in three hours

How did Warbeck begin pretending?

Landed in Ireland in 1491 pretending to be Richard, Duke of York

When did Warbeck land at Deal?

1495

Where did Warbeck go?

Ireland 1491 — France — Flanders 1492 — Deal 1495 — Ireland — Waterford — Scotland — Ireland — Exeter / Taunton — Court 1498 — ToL

When did Warbeck give up?

November 1497

How many troops did James IV give Warbeck?

1500

Where did Edmund de la Pole go?

France 1499 — Returned — Holy Roman Empire 1501 — Handed over by Philip of Burgundy 1506

When did H7’s heirs die?

Edmund Tudor 1500

Arthur Tudor 1502

How many Acts of Attainder were passed against the Suffolk family as a result of Edmund de la Pole?

51 in 1514

Who benefited from H7 patronage?

Earl of Oxford - loyal before Bosworth

Daubeney - led forces against Cornish Rebellion

How many Knights of the Garter?

37

Acts of Attainders passed throughout H7’s reign

1485-86: 28

1487: 28

1489-90: 8

1495: 24

1497-1500: 0

1504-09: 51

When were licences imposed on retaining?

1504

Punishment for unlicensed retaining?

£5 per retainer per month

How much did illegal retaining cost Burgavenny in 1506?

£70,000

How many nobles families were held under bonds and recognisances during H7’s reign?

36 of 62

When was H7’s Act of Resumption?

1486

What was H7’s Act of Resumption?

The seizure of all crown lands which had been lost since the Wars of the Roses

How much land did H7 have by the end of his reign?

5x the amount H6 had

What were H7’s feudal rights?

Marriage

Wardship

Relief

Livery

Role of JP under H7

Reward informants

Uphold order

Institute statutes

Replace suspicious jury

Judge

Arrest poachers

Governmental councils formed by H7

Court of General Surveyors

Council Learned in the Law

Court of Requests

Who rose due to H7’s meritocracy?

Bray and Dudley

How did H7 impress his feudal dues?

Using Empson and Dudley from 1504

How many were in the King’s Council?

200 but met in smaller groups

Inner group of H7’s King’s Council

Lord Chancellor, Lord Privy Seal, Lord Treasurer and five others

Where were there regional councils?

The North, Wales and Ireland appointed by H7

Role of the Council of the North

Defend border, administrate and judge

When was the Council of Wales revived?

1493

How was Ireland controlled by H7?

Controlled a small area around Dublin called the Pale

Poyning’s Law 1494 - parliaments and laws had to be approved by H7

Relied on traditional families - Earl of Kildare Lord Deputy

Parliament meetings under H7

Met 7 times

1485-86: 3 months

1487: 1 month

1489: 1.5 months

1491: 0.5 months

1495: 2 months

1497: 2 months

1504: 2.5 months

How did H7 restore Chamber Finance?

Originally used Exchequer finance but too slow

Restored Chamber 1487

Managed profits from justice, French pension, feudal dues, crown lands

Customs still Exchequer

How much did extraordinary finance raise H7?

Church: raised £25,000 in 1489

Benevolences: raised £48,500 in 1491

Sale of Church offices: £6000 per annum (e.g. £300 for Archdeaconry of Buckingham)

Knighting of Prince Arthur: £30,000

Loans from wealthy subjects: £203,000

How much did ordinary finance raise H7?

Crown lands: £42,000 in 1509 (only £29,000 at the end of R3)

Customs: £40,000 (£70,000 under E4)

Fines: Earl of Northumberland fined £10,000 for rape of royal ward

Feudal dues: £6000 in 1507 (£350 in 1487)

When did the Italian Wars start?

1494

When was the Auld Alliance formed?

1295

When did HRE acquire Burgundy?

1497

How was Spain unified?

Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile 1469

Where did Scotland force Henry to keep garrisons?

Berwick and Carlisle

Phases of H7’s foreign policy

1) 1485-92: secure the throne

2) 1493-1502: strong because peace was reached with Scotland

3) 1503-09: weaker, confused, isolated

Which treaties were made soon after H7’s accession?

1485 - 3 year truce with France, then extended to 1489

July 1486 - 3 year truce with Scotland

1486 - commercial treaty with Brittany

Aims of H7’s foreign policy

Improve relations with nations to secure dynasty and throne from foreign threats

Prevent war (deactivate Auld Alliance)

Develop trade (needed to strengthen monarchy and dynasty)

Timeline - Treaty of Redon

Charles VIII of France proposed to marry Anne of Brittany, but already betrothed to Maximilian

Says no, so France sends in forces 1488

Maximilian and Ferdinand support Brittany

England agrees to support Brittany in 1489 Treaty of Redon, agreeing to send 6000 troops

HRE makes peace with France July 1489, Spain follows

Brittany defeated 1491

Timeline - Treaty of Étaples

H7 wanted to assert right to French throne and had force

Crossed channel October 1492

Treaty of Étaples signed 3rd November 1492

Terms: no sheltering of English rebels, pay arrears of Picquigny and cost of Brittany — £5000 p.a. pension

Timeline - League of Cambrai

H7 tried to from anti-Spanish alliance with France and Netherlands

Proposed League of Cambrai 1508

Louis XII backed off because just reached agreement with Ferdinand over Italy

France revamped it into an anti-Venice alliance with Spain and Netherlands, leaving England out

Timeline - Holy League

Originally League of Venice 1495 aimed to drive France out of Venice, didn’t include England

Revamped into Holy League in 1496

England joined Holy League on the conditions that it did not have to go to war with France

Timeline - Treaty of Perpetual Peace

Three year truce with Scotland signed July 1486

H7 remained in contact with Scottish court, pro-English Earl of Angus

Aided coup to overthrow anti-English regents in 1492 and nine year truce signed 1493

James IV came to power in 1495, wanted war and so aided Perkin Warbeck

Made Truce of Ayton 1497 after failure, became Perpetual Peace on Warbeck's execution 1499

First Anglo-Scottish treaty since 1328

When was James III assassinated?

1488 - James IV only 15

Timeline - Treaty of Medina del Campo

H7 suggest Catherine of Aragon marry Prince Arthur in 1488

Agreed in Treaty of Medina del Campo March 1489

Terms: £40,000 dowry, Spain wouldn’t help English rebels, trade benefits, and anti-France military agreement

Final marriage agreement 1496

Catherine of Aragon arrive in 1501 with £20,000 of dowry

Arthur died 5 months into marriage so Catherine of Aragon betrothed to Prince Henry June 1503

Timeline - Succession crisis

Isabella of Castile died November 1504 - Joana to inherit Castile and Ferdinand return to Aragon

Joana had married Philip of Burgundy, heir to HRE, wanted to take throne

Ferdinand wanted to keep Castile - went to France for support, prompting England closeness to Burgundy

Philip set off, supported with English loan, but shipwrecked on England 1506

Signed Malus Intercursus and handed over Edmund de la Pole to claim throne in April 1506

Philip died September 1506 and Ferdinand retook Castile

Timeline - Magnus Intercursus

Trade embargo with Burgundy 1493-96 due to Perkin Warbeck

Trade restored by 1496 Magnus Intercursus, allowing merchants to sell goods in any of Philip of Burgundy’s lands other than Flanders without tolls or customs

Philip signed Malus Intercursus when shipwrecked on England in 1506

Terms: free trade with Burgundy and no duties or bans on English cloth, in addition to Mag Int. terms

Unpopular with Burgundy so Mag Int. restored 1507

What trade treaties did H7 have?

Medina del Campo - ended policy where Spanish exported goods only allowed in Spanish ships

Treaty with Portugal renewed

Treaties with Denmark and Norway, 1489 and 1490 respectively

Treaty with Florence 1490 - established cloth market at Pisa

Navigation Acts 1485-86 - limited foreign control over English trade

What did Thomas More say about the accession of H8?

“this day is the end of our slavery”

How much money did H7 leave H8?

£1.5 million

When did Warham and Fox trick H8 with a French truce?

1510, meaning H8 couldn’t go to war until 1512

Timeline - French expedition 1512-13

Expedition to Aquitaine launched 1512 following alliance with Ferdinand, Spanish army at north of Spain

When invaded, Ferdinand only took land in the Pyrenees so England failed

Returned to France in 1513, took Thérouanne (burned by Maximilian)

Victorious in seizure of Tournai and Battle of Spurs

Finances exhausted by this point so no invasion in 1514

Peace made on conditions that France would pay the French pension and H8’s sister marry Louis XII

Why did Wolsey rise?

Luck - vacancies left by Empson and Dudley, and Fox and Warham looking to retire

Ability - degree from Oxford at 15, trusted by H7

Opportunism - Flattery, abandoned Fox after realising unpopularity

Hard work - “yes” man, appealed to H8 unbothered with nitty gritty, H7’s chaplain, organised 1513 expedition which others were too scared to do because of difficulty (produced results)

When did Wolsey launch an inquiry into enclosures?

1517

What legal action did Wolsey take against enclosures?

1518-1529

Legal action against 264 landowners

222 brought to court

188 verdicts reached

How did Wolsey make justice for the poor more accessible?

Court of Chancery

What were the two types of law?

Common law - precedent

Civil law - natural justice

Was Wolsey fair in his use of the legal system?

Not entirely, used it for his own benefit - to carry out vendetta against gentry and nobility - and abandoned cases which could compromise him

When was Wolsey’s Act of Resumption?

1515

What was Wolsey’s Act of Resumption?

Restored crown lands granted away, which had caused profits from crown lands to fall from £400,000 to £25,000

How much money did Wolsey raise?

£322,000 in subsidies

£240,000 in taxation

£260,000 in forced loans

How much did Wolsey need to raise?

£1.7 million - spent 1509-20

Why did Wolsey pass the Amicable Grant?

1523 subsidy only raised £200 of £800,000

How much money did forced loans raise 1522-23?

£200,000

How did the Amicable Grant do?

Failed - 10,000 men gathered at Lavenham to oppose it. Wolsey backed down and used as a scapegoat

How did Wolsey reform administration?

Eltham Ordinances 1526 - reduced number of Gentlemen of the Bedchamber from 12 to 6

Most political ones removed

Groom of the Stool promoted to under-treasurer of the Exchequer (Sir William Crompton)

How did Wolsey treat the nobility?

Kept an eye on them as Lord Chancellor - announcing they aren’t above the law in the Court of the Star Chamber in 1516

How did Wolsey punish some of the nobility?

Earl of Northumberland sent to Fleet Prison for contempt of jurisdiction

Buckingham executed in 1521 for “murmurings against the chancellor’s doings”

H8’s foreign policy aims

Secure succession

Assert England - first through war, then through diplomacy

Change in Europe 1515-1519

Francis I takes throne of France 1555

Charles V becomes Holy Roman Emperor 1519

Peace treaty between France and Spain following France’s victory at Marignano (took Milan)

Mary Tudor married Duke of Suffolk at Francis I’s suggestion

When and what was The Treaty of London?

1518 - Wolsey highjacked a papal initiative against the Turks to make an international treaty. Each country signed individually with England (over 20 rulers). As part of this, Tournai was returned

Why was Wolsey an advocate for diplomacy?

England had little money, it was a cheap way to assert England

When was the Field of Cloth of Gold?

June 1520

What was the Field of Cloth of Gold?

H8 met Francis I just outside Calais to discuss a treaty. No agreement reached because it was a glorified two-week-long jousting tournament. Cost a year’s income because a place was built for the royal entourage

When did H8 meet Charles V to discuss peace treaties?

Met May 1520, and then agreed with him not to make a peace with France after the Field of Cloth of Gold

What treaty did H8 make with Spain?

Treaty of Bruges 1521 - invade France if it didn’t make peace with Spain

When was H8 forced to send troops to France?

1523