2.3 INTRODUCTION TO MEMORY

Memory

The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving learned knowledge, events, and experiences.

Explicit Memory

A type of memory that is easily described or explained, including episodic and semantic memory.

Episodic Memory

A type of explicit memory involving personal experiences and events.

Long-Term Potentiation

A biological process where synaptic connections between neurons strengthen with frequent activation, aiding memory formation.

Working Memory Model

A model of memory that describes the interaction of different components, including the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad, in processing information into long-term memory.

Central Executive

The component of working memory responsible for directing attention and coordinating information.

Semantic Memory

A type of explicit memory involving general knowledge and facts.

Implicit Memory

A type of memory that is more difficult to describe and often involves unconscious recall.

Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory involving learned skills and habits, such as riding a bike.

Prospective Memory

A type of memory related to remembering future tasks or intentions.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

The part of working memory that processes visual and spatial information.

Multi-Store Model

A model of memory that suggests information moves through three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory that briefly holds incoming sensory information.

Phonological Loop

The part of working memory that processes auditory and verbal information.

Iconic Memory

A type of sensory memory that stores visual information for a short duration.

Echoic Memory

A type of sensory memory that stores auditory information for a short duration.

Short-Term Memory

The stage of memory that temporarily holds and processes limited information before it is stored or forgotten.

Effortful Processing

The intentional encoding of information through conscious attention and rehearsal.

Levels of Processing Model

A theory that proposes memory is encoded at three levels: structural (shallowest), phonemic, and semantic (deepest).

Long-Term Memory

The stage of memory that stores information indefinitely for later retrieval.

Structural Encoding

The shallowest level of processing, focusing on physical features of information.

Automatic Processing

The unconscious encoding of information, such as time, space, and frequency.

Phonemic Encoding

A deeper level of processing that focuses on the sound of information.

Semantic Encoding

The deepest level of processing, which focuses on meaning and leads to better retention.