TEAS Life and Physical Science Nursehub

cell membrane

outer layer of the cell.

• made up of a thin, flexible layer of lipids and proteins that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell.

• acts like a gatekeeper, controlling the flow of nutrients and waste in and out of the cell.

cytoplasm

A gel-like substance that fills the inside of the cell.

• made up of water, salts, and various types of molecules, including proteins, enzymes, and nutrients.

• cell’s main organelles are found.

• Cells’ metabolic reactions take place, such as the production of energy through cellular respiration.

• Contains proteins, carbohydrates, and ions.

organelles

specialized structures that perform essential functions in the cell.

mitochondria

Organelles responsible for producing energy in the cell. They are often called the “powerhouses” of the cell.

• Creates ATP

• semi-autonomous

• Chemiosmosis

Semi-autonomous

an organelle that can replicate and express its own DNA

Chemiosmosis

a process that occurs in the mitochondria of cells where the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane creates a gradient that is used to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

• hydrogen ions

cristae

give the inner membrane a lot of surface area for energy production in the mitochondria.

intermembrane space

space between the two layers of the membrane

matrix

space inside the inner membrane is called

hydrogen ions

Chemiosmosis is the process where the energy made during cellular respiration is used to move _____ ___ across the inner membrane of the mitochondria, creating a proton gradient.

Apoptosis

A naturally occuring process of programmed cell death

• Mitochondria play a key role in producing cytochrome c.

cytochrome c

triggers a cascade of events that lead to the death of the cell.

• A protein

• Released by mitochondria

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of membranes that helps to transport proteins and other molecules throughout the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

another membrane-bound organelle that helps to process and package proteins for transport within and outside the cell.

• key role in the modification, sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids

Cisternae (GA)

A flat structure located within the Golgi apparatus and in the endoplasmic reticulum that assists with the packaging of proteins.

• Cis-Golgi, medial-Golgi, and trans-Golgi

cis-Golgi

is the region closest to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is responsible for receiving newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER.

medial-Golgi

is the region between the cis-Golgi and trans-Golgi and is responsible for further modification of the proteins and lipids

• characterized by specific enzymes that add carbohydrate and lipid modifications to the proteins and lipids.

trans-Golgi

the of the Golgi Apparatus region farthest from the ER and is responsible for sorting and directing the modified proteins and lipids to their final destinations.

• Mail office, sorts, packages into vesicles, and ships them out.

Cellular homeostasis

refers to the maintenance of a stable and balanced internal environment within a cell. This internal environment includes factors such as the concentration of ions and nutrients, pH, and the presence of waste products.

Phagosome

A double-membrane structure formed during the process of autophagy, which is a cellular degradation and recycling process.

• a type of vesicle, think of a trash bag.

Endocytosis

process by which the cell takes in materials and substances from outside the cell, and then processes and digests them within the lysosome.

Lysosome Proton Pump

actively pumps hydrogen ions into the _____ to keep the pH low.

Regulated by:

• availability of energy within the cell.

• the needs of the cell for the degradation of specific materials.

Proteins

Large, complex macromolecules that are responsible for the structure, function, and regulation of our cells and tissues

Lipids

Macromolecules that play many important roles such as providing energy to cells, protecting our organs, and helping to produce hormones

Lysosomes

a type of cellular organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It is a spherical, membrane-bound structure that contains a variety of hydrolases, which are enzymes that break down and digest cellular waste and damaged materials.

• Digestive system of the cell.

• pH of around 4.5-5.0

Autophagy

is the process by which cells degrade and recycle their own cellular components, also facilitated by the lysosome.

• Role in making sure the damaged and unnecessary cell parts are removed and recycled.

• prevents any build-up of cellular waste and allows the cell to continue functioning properly.

• involved in a variety of physiological processes

  • organism’s growth and development

  • immunity

  • cellular stress responses

autophagosome

a double-membraned vesicle that is formed during the process of autophagy.

Hydrolases

are enzymes that break down complex molecules into smaller components, and they require a certain pH in order to function effectively.

nucleus

Control center of the cell.

• center of the cell and is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope

• cell’s DNA, which contains all the genetic information that the cell needs to function and reproduce

• Found in eukaryotic cells

nucleolus

responsible for making ribosomes, the cell’s protein-making factories.

• Also assembles RNA

Cytoskeleton

a network of protein fibers that help to give the cell its shape and provide support.

Chromosomes

are made up of genes, which are the basic units of heredity. Genes contain instructions for making proteins, which are the building blocks of the cell and carry out many important functions.

• Located in the nucleus