MWH Cold War Part 1

What were some of the issues in post WWII Europe?

60 million deaths

cities, environments, property destroyed

millions of refugees

social issues

stravation, hunger, and disease

border changes

exposure to chemical, biological, and atomic weapons

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones, and Germany must compensate Russia for lost of life. Russia declared war on Japan.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Geneva Convention

international agreement governing the humane treatment of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

What were some ways that the US and USSR were different in their worldviews.

US-promoted democracy, gained access to raw materials and new markets, rebuild European govts to create new markets, reunite Germany

USSR-promoted communism, rebuilt it's own economy by expioting Eastern Europe, controlling Eastern Europe as a buffer zone, keep Germany divided to prevent another war

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. We gave millions in aid to Turkey and Greece.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Berlin Airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city

Cold War

struggle in which the U.S. and Soviet Union became rivals but never fought directly in military conflict

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

H-bomb (hydrogen bomb)

a city-smashing thermonuclear weapon that was a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bomb. Truman ordered this weapon to be created in order to outpace the Soviets in the nuclear weaponry.

ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile)

a guided missile with a minimum range of 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery.

Sputnik

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

U2 Incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Jieng Jieshi

leader of the Nationalist movement in China that ended up in Taiwan

Nationalists

supported by US against Mao

Communists

won control of China in 1949, led by Mao

Taiwan

About 100 miles off China's southeastern coast,used to be a providence of China for several hundereds years, and the people of China fled to this country for nationalism

Great Leap Forward (1958)

Mao's attempt to transform China into an economic power (agriculture and industry)

Communes/Collective Farms

farms that have hundreds of families working together to make crops; but eliminated family life and private property.

Red Guards

The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps.

38th Parallel

line of latitude that separated North and South Korea

Korean Peninsula

Peninsula on which both North and South Korea are located

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

Was in charge of all UN troops in Korea. President Truman instructed him to limit the fighting below the 38th parallel in South Korea.

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

A strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea.

What are North and South Korea like today?

North Korea-communist, developed nuclear weapons, stravating poor people, no economic development or civil liberties

South Korea-democratic good economy, free elections, highly developed

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

17th Parallel

Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam

Vietcong (VC)

South Vietnamese communist rebels that waged a guerrilla war against the government of South Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin

Incident in 1964 that President Johnson used to justify increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Claim was that two U.S. ships had been attacked.

What were some issues with the South Vietnamese Government

Diem was a brutal dictator, hated in the South. He was corrupt.

Vietnamization

President Nixon's policy of replacing American military forces with those of South Vietnam

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Khmer Rouge

A group of Communist rebels who seized power in Cambodia in 1975.

Cambodia

Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps.

Pol Pot

(1925-1998) Leader of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Pol Pot is responsible for the deaths of almost 2 million of his own people due to starvation, execution, and beatings.

Reeducation Camps

Places where millions of people were sent for forced training in proper communist thought, sometimes for decades.

3rd World

developing countries

Non-Aligned Movement

The group of nations that didn't side with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War.

Fidel Castro

Communist dictator of Cuba who came into power in 1959.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.

Contras

Anti-Sandinista fighters in the Nicaraguan civil war. The Contras were secretly supplied with American military aid, paid for with money the United States clandestinely made selling arms to Iran.

Shah of Iran

Great friend of the US for two and a half decades but Iranians want to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979)

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

Afghanistan

influened by USSR in the 1950's but Muslim revolt leed Soviets in war which the lost

Mujahideen

in Afghanistan, holy warriors who banded together to fight the Soviet-supported government in the late 1970s

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