Exercise Science Final

Basic research

• Aims to expand the knowledge base by formulating, evaluating, or expanding a theory

• Pure or fundamental research

Applied research

• Aims to solve immediate practical problems

• Theoretic concepts are tested in real-world situations

Translational Research

To apply findings from basic research to improve human health and well-being (ex: new drugs, devices, and treatment options)

Quantitative research

• Uses a scientific approach designed to analyze numerical data

• Data usually collected through direct testing or questionarres

Qualitative research

• Uses extensive observations and interviews

• provides nonnumerical data obtained in natural environments

Three primary forms of experimental research

Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential

Longitudinal research

The study of change over time

Cross-sectional research

• The collection of data on individuals of different characteristics who represent different aspects being investigated 9ex: age, gender, fitness levels)

• to collect data at once

Sequential research

• The combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional research

• To study several different samples over several years

Meta-anaylsis research

To statistically analyze data from previously published research studies

Systemic reviews

To identify, select, and critcally appraise research relevant to the topic

Randomized clinical trials

To randomize participants to one of two or more interventions

Designing a research study includes

Hypothesis, independent variable, and dependent variable

Validity (collecting data)

The extent to which a test, device, or research method accurately measures what it is intended to measure; accuracy

Reliability

The extent to which a test, device, research method, or procedure will yield the same result under the same conditions; consistency

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

Sensory and motor

• Motor conducts impulses away from the CNS to functional organs or tissues

  • Involves autonomic (parasympathetic-resting , sympathetic-stress)

• Sensory transfers impulses from sense organs/receptors to CNS

What is the primary component in the nervous system?

Neurons which respond to acute challenges of the body

At the onset of exercise, what will happen to sympathetic activity, parasympathetic activity, HR, force of cardiac muscle contraction, blood pressure, and blood flow from inactive tissues to active tissues?

• Sympathetic activity will increase

• Parasympathetic activity will decrease

• HR will increase

• Force of cardiac muscle contraction will increase

• Blood Pressure will increase

• Blood flow from inactive tissues to active tissues will increase

Skeletal muscles are a __ type of fiber

striated

Type I type fibers

• Slow speed of contraction

• High resistance to fatigue

• High oxidative energy capacity

ex: running long distance, endurance

Type II fibers

• Fast speed of contraction

• Low resistance to fatigue

• Low oxidative energy capacity

ex: Without oxygen: sprinting, heavy lifting

Delayed-Onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

• Muscle soreness appears 24-48 hours after strenuous exercise and can last up to 72-96 hours

• Causes muscle injury by excessive mechanical force

• Eccentric muscle actions cause greater damage

• Exercise causes microdamage to cellular membranes —> the immune system is activated, which leads to swelling —> swelling stimulates the nervous system, and the person feels sore and in pain

Muscle fiber hypertrophy

Increase in the muscle fiber cross-sectional area

Muscle fiber hyperplasia

Increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle

• the undifferentiated satellite cells are stimulated to grow into fully devopoled muscle fibers

Osteoporosis

• Inadequate levels of PA and mineral intake in the diet will increase the risk of development

• Can affect any individual regardless of age

• Characterized by low bone muscle density

What strategies can decrease the risk of developing osteroporosis?

1. Maximizing peak bone mass by 30 years old (calcium and weight bearing exercises)

2. Slowing the rate of bone loss over the remaining years of life

What stimulates the production of RBC and hemoglobin?

Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the red bone marrow to generate RBCs which carry oxygen throughout the body

Hypoxia

low levels of oxygen

Primary functions of the cardiovasular system

• Transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and drugs

• removing waste products from the body

Leading cause of death in America

• CVD

• Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the primary CVD in most Americans

Atherosclerosis

• Disease where cholesterol and blood lipids build up in the arteries

• It narrows the diameter of vessel and reduces the blood flow to cardiac muscle

What happens if blood flow to the heart is reduced to a critical level?

Heart attack

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max)

• Maximal amount of oxygen consumed during maximal effort exercise

  • Critical to endurance performance success

• The capacity of delivering oxygen to the working tissues is one of limiting factors for VO₂max

Primary functions of Pulmonary systems

• Moving air into and out of the lungs

• Regulation of acid-base balance (pH balance)

Primary component of pulmonary system

Alveoli, respiratory muscles, and airways

Where does gas exchange take place?

Alveoli

Exercise-induced asthma

Exercise can trigger an asthmatic events (airway constriction and shortness of breath) by immune system response

Regulation of acid-base balance

• Increase in hydrogen ion concentration (ex: low pH) leads to the formation of CO₂

• The CO₂ is exhaled from lungs, which helps keep the body from being too acidic (ex: high intensity exercise which leads to formation of lactate)

Primary function of endocrine system

• Regulation of physiologic function and systems of the body (along with the nervous system)

• Maintaining homeostasis

• Hormones can circulate and influence tissues throughout the entire body

• These effects can last for a few seconds to several hours

Metabolic syndrome (MS)

• Development of insulin resistance increases the risk of Heart, stoke, and diabetes

• Clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors

  • High BP

  • High blood glucose

  • Excess fat around the waist

  • Abnormal triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol levels

“J” curve model

• Moderate exercise training can reduce the risk of infection

• Excessive amounts of high-intensity training can give an adverse effect

Overtraining syndrome

• A condition whereby too much training results in the maladaptation of body responses

Immediate sources of ATP and creatine phosphate provide…

Provides energy during the initiation of movement and during high-intensity exercise

Glycolysis and glycogenolysis provide…

Provides energy during moderately high-intensity exercise

Oxidative metabolism

Provides energy during resting and low to moderately high intensity phyiscla activity and exercise

Acute responses

Immediate, short-term physiological changes occurring during or immediately after a single bout of activity to meet increased energy demand (ex: HR, stroke volume, blood flow, etc)

Chronic adaptations

long-term, structural, and functional changes in body systems—specifically cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal—that occur due to regular, repeated training (ex:Decreased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine at the same absolute workload, increased stroke volume and caridac output, and decreases in Heart rate at the same workload)

Should we exercise at low intensity to promote the use of fat as a substrate/burn fat?

No, we should consider the total amount of energy expenditue during the exercise session

• At moderate (40-60% VO₂max) exercise intensities, more total fat could be used

Muscle control of glucose uptake

Movement of glucose from the blood into the cell depends on the interaction of insulin and a glucose transport protein

• Insulin is released from the pancreas and helps control blood glucose level

• GLUT4 skeletal muscle specific glucose transport protein 4

Diabetes mellitus

Disease condition whereby insulin is dysregulated and blood glucose level is not controlled

Type 1 diabetes

Insufficient insulin is produced by the pancreas

Type 2 diabetes

Insulin does not promote the uptake of glucose by the cells

Functional capacity and exercise tests

Helps access the presence of CV or pulmonary disease

Exercise tests help diagnose the presence of heart disease

Functional capacity testing

Information obtained from testing can be used to prescribe an appropriate physical activity and exercise program to improve fitness

• uses submaximal or maximal exercise test

Graded exercise tests (GXT)

Exercise intensity gradually increases from light to maximal exertion or to a pre-determined ending point

• uses both diagnostic and function capacity testing

Submaximal graded exercise tests (GXT)

• Can evaluate the CV, respiratory, and muscular systemic responses to a standard submaximal exercise bout

• Usually safer than a maximal graded exercise test

• Submaximal GXT is conducted at an intensity of 70-80% of the age-predicted maximal HR

TRUE or FALSE? All individuals require a physician’s referral BEFORE exercise testing and/or exercise program

• False

• Certain individuals who are physcially inactive and have multiple risk factors for disease require a physician’s referral BEFORE exercise testing and/or programs

Peroforming the test

• HR

• BP

• Rate of perceived exertion (RPE)

• Electrocardiogram

• Echocardiography

• Oxygen consumption and functional capacity

Heart rate

• Electronic Heart rate monitors are often used for healthy individuals

• In a clinical setting…

  • Electrocardiograph (ECG or EKG) recordings measure electric potentials on the body surface and generate a record of the electric currents associated with heart muscle activity