Unit 4 APafam

What was the purpose of the Black Panther Party?

To promote Black self-determination, monitor police behavior, resist police brutality, and provide community programs.

How did the BPP justify armed self-defense?

By citing the Second Amendment as a legal right to bear arms for protection against state violence

What was the significance of the 1967 Sacramento protest?

Panthers protested gun restrictions at the California State Capitol to defend open carry rights.

What law targeted their actions?

The Mulford Act.

What major armed conflicts involved the Panthers?

• 1967: Huey Newton shootout with police

• 1969: LAPD raid on Panther headquarters

• 1971: High Point, NC shooting

Why did the FBI target the Panthers?

They were seen as a threat to national security due to militant rhetoric and organizing.

What was COINTELPRO?

A covert FBI program to surveil, infiltrate, and disrupt political groups.

What tactics did COINTELPRO use?

Wiretapping, informants, fake letters, spreading misinformation, and inciting internal conflict.

What happened in the 1969 Chicago raid?

Fred Hampton and Mark Clark were killed during a police raid.

What percentage of panther members were women?

About 50%

Why did women become more prominent in the panther party?

Male membership declined due to arrests, deaths, and FBI repression.

Who was Elaine Brown?

Leader of the BPP from 1974–1977.

Who was Kathleen Cleaver?

Communications Secretary and prominent spokesperson.

What were “survival programs”?

Community aid initiatives like:

• Free Breakfast for Children

• Free medical clinics

• Legal aid

• Clothing distribution

What problem did the black is beautiful movement challenge?

Eurocentric beauty standards and internalized racism (e.g., colorism, “paper bag tests”)

What did the black is beautiful movement promote?

Pride in Black physical features, natural hair, and African heritage.

What event helped launch the black is beautiful movement?

The “Naturally ’62” fashion show by Kwame Brathwaite.

What hairstyles became symbols of pride?

Afros and cornrows.

Which figures popularized Afros?

Angela Davis, Diana Ross, Jimi Hendrix.

What fashion reflected Afrocentric identity?

Dashikis, head wraps, and kente cloth.

What is Kwanzaa?

A holiday created in 1966 by Maulana Karenga celebrating African heritage.

What is Afrocentricity?

A framework centering Africa in the history and identity of people of African descent.

What movement influenced afrocentricity development?

Civil Rights and Black Power movements.

Who advanced Afrocentric theory?

Molefi Kete Asante.

What academic field did afrocentrisim help shape?

African American Studies.

What are criticisms of Afrocentricity?

• Overgeneralizes Africa

• Treats Africa as a monolith

• Can replace Eurocentrism with another dominant narrative

What historical figures inspired Black feminism?

Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, Jarena Lee.

What issue did Black feminists address in the 1970s?

Marginalization within both feminist and civil rights movements.

What was the Combahee River Collective?

A Black feminist group emphasizing intersectional oppression.

What did their 1977 statement argue?

That liberating Black women would dismantle all systems of oppression.

Who coined “womanism”?

Alice Walker.

What is womanism?

A framework addressing both racism and sexism affecting Black women.

Who coined intersectionality?

Kimberlé Crenshaw.

What does intersectionality explain?

Overlapping systems of oppression based on identity (race, gender, class, sexuality).

what does interlocking systems of oppression describe?

How interconnected identities interact with institutions to produce inequality.

Who developed the concept of interlocking systems of oppression?

Patricia Hill Collins.

What systems are analyzed in the interlocking systems of oppression?

Education, healthcare, housing, criminal justice, economy.

What trend occurred in the Black middle class?

Significant growth in white-collar employment.

What major inequality persists?

Wealth gap (Black median ~$17k vs. white ~$171k).

What caused wealth disparity?

• Housing discrimination

• Employment inequality

• Limited generational wealth

How did deindustrialization affect Black workers?

Reduced manufacturing jobs and economic stability.

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?

Eliminated discriminatory voting practices and expanded Black political participation.

How much did Black elected officials increase?

1,500 (1970) → ~9,000 (2006).

Who was Shirley Chisholm?

First Black congresswoman and 1972 presidential candidate.

What is the Congressional Black Caucus?

A group advocating for Black political power and policy reforms.

Who were major federal leaders?

Colin Powell, Condoleezza Rice, Barack Obama, Kamala Harris.

What percentage identify as Protestant?

About 2/3’s

What roles do churches serve?

Activism, education, community organization, cultural preservation.

What are key African musical elements?

Improvisation, syncopation, call-and-response, storytelling.

What genres developed?

Spirituals, blues, jazz, gospel, R&B, hip-hop.

Who influenced jazz?

Louis Armstrong, John Coltrane.

Where did hip-hop originate?

The Bronx, NYC in the 1970s.

What are the four elements of hiphop?

DJing, MCing, breakdancing, graffiti.

Who pioneered DJing?

DJ Kool Herc.

Who advanced DJ techniques?

Grandmaster Flash.

Who broke MLB’s color barrier?

Jackie Robinson.

What did Muhammad Ali protest?

Vietnam War and racism.

What happened at the 1968 Olympics?

Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised fists in protest

What did Colin Kaepernick do?

Kneeled during anthem to protest police brutality.

What did George Washington Carver do?

Developed crop rotation and alternative crops.

Who contributed to NASA?

Katherine Johnson.

Who was first Black woman in space?

Mae Jemison.

Who helped develop the COVID-19 vaccine?

Kizzmekia Corbett.

What is Afrofuturism?

A movement reimagining Black pasts and futures through technology and culture.

Major example of afrofuturism

Black Panther