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CH 1:
Comparative Politics
The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries; sub-field of political science.
Causation
Anything that produces an effect.
Correlation
Apparent connection between two variables.
Empirical Statement
An assertion of fact that can be proven A
Normative Statement
A value of judgement, usually in the form of a âshouldâ or âoughtâ statement.
Quantitative Statement
Observations made using statistical techniques.
Qualitative data
Text-based decriptions. A
Human Development Index (HDI)
An aggregate measure of life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.
GDP Per capita
GDP divided by population
Gini Index
A measure of income inequality within a country.
Freedom House
An NGO that advocates for democracy and human rights and measures freedom around the world.
Corruption Perceptions Index
A measure of how corrupt a system is believed to be.
Failed State
A state that has lost control of all or part of its territory.
Fragile States Index
A measure of state strength.
CH 2:
State
Poli. Inst. with international recognition that govern a population in a territory.
International Recognition
A formal step taken by state to grant official status to another state
Regime Change
A change in the fundamental rules and system of government.
Coup dâetat
Overthrow by small # of people
Nationalism
A group with a strong sense of identity.
Liberal Democracy
System where wide array of rights and liberties are protected
Authoritarian State
NO free and fair elections, rights, are restricted
Illiberal, Flawed, or hybrid democracy
Elections may be marred by fraud and state protects some and restricts
Democratization
Process of transitioning from authoritarian to a democratic regime
Democratic Consolidation
the process by which a regime has developed stable democratic institutions and significant protections of civil liberties and is unlikely to revert to authoritarianism
Democratic Backsliding
Decline in the quality of democracy
Power
The ability to make someone do something they otherwise would not do
Authority
The legit power a state has over people in its territory
Theocracy
A system based on religious rule
Traditional Legitimacy
Right to rule based on a societyâs long-standing patterns and practices
Charismatic Legitimacy
The right to rule based on personal virtue, heroism, and other extraordinary characteristics
Unitary System
A political system in which the central govt. has sole constitutional sovereignty and power
Federal System
State's power is legally and constitutionally divided among more than one level of government
CH 3:
Bureaucracy
A large set of unelected officials who implement the laws.
Parliamentary System
A system in which the executive and legislature are fused.
Prime Minister
The head of government in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In a parliamentary system, the PM is a member of the legislature and is selected by the majority party.
Vote of no Confidence
A vote by parliament to remove a government from power
Presidential System
A system in which the executive and legislature are elected
independently and have separate and independent powers
Divided Government
When one or both houses of the legislature are controlled by a political party other than the party of the president
Semi-Presidential System
A system that divides executive power between a directly elected president and a prime minister.
Cabinet
The heads of major departments, or ministries in the bureaucracy.
Legislative Oversight
he power of legislature to hold cabinet officials and members of bureaucracy accountable for their actions and policies.
Common Law
A legal system in which previous written opinions serve as precedent for future cases.
Code Law
a legal system in which judges follow the law written by the legislature, and previous court decisions do not serve as precedent.
Judicial Independence
The ability of judges to decide cases according to the law, free of interference from politically powerful officials or other institutions.
CH 6:
Civil Society
Groups that form outside the governmentâs control.
Political Socialization
The process through which an individual learns about politics and is taught about societyâs common political values and beliefs.
Post-Materialism
A set of values in a society in which most citizens are economically secure enough to move beyond immediate economic (materialist) concerns to âquality of lifeâ issues like human rights, civil rights, womenâs rights, environmentalism, and moral values.
Neo-Liberalism
A philosophy favoring economic polices that support the free market and reduce trade barriers.
Communism
An ideology that advocates state ownership of all property, with the government exercising complete control over the economy.
Socialism
A political ideology in which economic equality is a core value, with the belief that government ownership of the major means of production is a way to reduce income inequality within the state.
Fascism
A nationalist political ideology where nationalism and primacy of the state are the core beliefs.
Totalitarianism
A poli. Ideology that that emphasizes domination of the state over citizens.
Populism
A political ideology based on the idea that the government should put the rights and interests of the common people above the elites.
Formal Political Participation
Voting in elections and on referendums, contracting government officials, joining political groups, working on a campaign, and donating money to a cause or candidate.
Informal Political Participation
Protest, civil disobedience, and political violence, including terrorism.
Social Movement
A large group organized to advocate for political change.
Social Cleavage
Division based on ethnicity, race, religion, class, or territory.
Political Cleavage
Division based on different ideas about the role of government and policymaking goals.
CH 8:
Electoral System
The formal rules and procedures for selecting the executive or members of the legislature
Multimember district system (MMD)
A method for electing members of a legislature in which two or more representative are elected from a district
Single-member district (SMD) system
A system for electing members of the legislature in which the candidate who earns the most votes in a district wins a seat in the legislature
Plurality
The most votes, but not necessarily a majority
âFirst Past The Postâ (FPTP)
An election rule in an SMD system in which the candidate with a plurality of votes wins a seat in the legislature
Proportional Representation (PR) system
A system for electing members of the legislature in which seats are awarded according to the percentage of votes a party receives
Mixed electoral system
A system for electing members of the legislature that includes both single-member districts and seats awarded through proportional representation
Dominant party system
A party system in which multiple parties exist, but one party dominates the executive branch and wins most of the seats in the legislature
Catch all party
A party that takes ideologically diverse, usually middle-of-the-road, positions to capture as many voters as possible
Interest Group
An association of individuals or businesses that attempts to influence government
Pluralism
A system in which groups are allowed to form and advocate for their interests outside of government control
Corporatism
A system in which the state controls interest groups and chooses the ones it wishes to recognize
Single peak association
Grassroots Movement
Citizens at the local level banding together to advocate for a cause
CH 10:
Globalization
The increased interconnectedness of people, states, and economies.
Multinational Corporation (MNC)
A company with facilities or assets in more than one country.
Rentier State
A state that relies on the export of oil or from the leasing of resources to foreign entities as a significant source of government revenue.
International Organization
A body established by a treaty or other agreement among countries.
Economic Liberalization policy
A policy that reduces the role of government in the economy, supports the free market and reduces trade barriers.
Supranational Organization
A body in which member countries have some say in governing and give up some sovereignty over issues affecting the organization as a whole.
Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)
A nonprofit group outside government control that usually focuses on social and political issues.
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