PQs - short answers & MCQs | Quizlet

What is faraday cage and what is is used for?

A. Lead plates in the wall of x-rays

B. a grid of conductors in the walls isolating the room from radio waves

C. lead plates in the walls isolating the room for radio waves

D. conductor grids in the walls to absorb x-rays

B. a grid of conductors in the walls isolating the room from radio waves

Why can't ketamine be used in patients with suspected cranial trauma?

- Can ↑ intracranial pressure (ICP)

- Causes ↑ cerebral blood flow + brain oxygen demand

- May worsen brain edema/neurological damage in cranial trauma

In computed tomography, the amount of radiation dose received by the patients is dependent on

a. Test time

b. set acquisition parameters (anode voltage, KV nr)

c. the degree of advancement of the computed tomography model

d. all answers are correct

d. all answers are correct

In what species is the ovum pickup laparoscopically

- Sheep 🐑

- Due to small size of ovaries/reproductive tract

Indication of cystotomy?

- Opening of urinary bladder

Indications:

- Stones (uroliths)

- Tumours

- Rupture

- Obstruction

- Foreign body removal

What structures are hypo/hyper-echogenic in USG?

- Hypo: kidney → liver → spleen (dark to light)

- Hyper: bone

- Anechoic: fluid

What is a radiopharmaceutical?

- Biologically active compound containing a radionuclide

- Used for diagnostic imaging or therapy

- Consists of → radionuclide, vector, connector

In the magnetic field of magnetic resonance:

- Hydrogen protons align in an orderly manner with the magnetic field (B₀)

- Creates net magnetization used to generate MRI signals

In CT

Number of layers + rows are independent of each other

In computed tomography, it is possible to work the following modes

- Axial

- Helical/spiral

- Contrast or non-contrast

Phlebography is:

- Imaging of veins using contrast medium

- Radiographic procedure assessing venous structure + blood flow

- Used to detect thrombosis, obstruction or vascular abnormalities

Sort the tissues visible on a classic CT image in grayscale: blackest → whitest:

Lungs → fat → soft tissue/blood → bones

Radiation per one CT exam, depending on the available apparatus + the scanner's area, partial or whole body examination, should be in the range:

From 0.9 to 15 mSv (milli sieverts)

Functional MRI

Perfusion

When + why can metal elements inside the patient's body be an obstacle in performing a diagnostic examination using a CT scanner?

- Image artefacts → misinterpretation, distortion, loss of detail

- Signal interference

True or false:

it’s forbidden to take metal objects into room where CT scanner is located

False

True or false:

Arthroscopic procedures in horses are usually performed on a standing horse (under local anaesthesia)

False

Notes:

- General anesthesia

True or false:

Linear probe is best for tendons

True

True or false:

Typical procedures preformed with flexible endoscope

True

True or false:

The name of radiopharmaceutical is the same as the radioisotope

False

Notes:

- Radiopharmaceutical = radioisotope + carrier/vector molecule

True or false:

The PET examination uses the fact that certain lesions are accompanied by a change in the metabolism of cortina chemical compounds, e.g. sugars, because energy in the body is obtained mainly by burning them

True

True or false:

The most common indication for use of magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnosis of a wide range of diseases of the NS, inflammation + soft tissue injuries

True

True or false:

MRI is a painless + non-invasive imaging technique, the basis of which is the removal of the magnetic spin vector of a single proton from its equilibrium position as a result of the action of a fast, alternating magnetic field

False

Notes:

- The magnetic field is constant

- Radio waves are alternating

True or false:

During the OPU procedure, the USG apparatus is inserted transvaginally, + then follicular fluid with the oocyte is collected through ovarian puncture

True

Notes

- OPU → ovum pick-up

True or false:

Contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging are paramagnetic agents whose basic opponent is gadolinium

True

True or false:

The operation of the USG scanner is based on the analysis of the echo created as a result of the reflection of the USG beam from the structures along their course

True

True or false:

The most common cause of USG artefact is gas in the intestines or lungs, which is a barrier to the USG wave, + close contact of the gel-coated transducers with the skin of the body being examined

False

Notes:

- Gas causes artefacts

- Gel contact ↓ artefacts by removing air between probe + skin

What cyclotron isotope is used in PET?

- Fluorine-18 (18F)

- Produced in a cyclotron from Oxygen-18

- Most commonly used in PET imaging (e.g. 18F-FDG)

What generator isotope is I used in PET?

- Ga-68

- Produced from Ge-68

- Used in PET imaging without requiring a cyclotron

Rank the following diagnostic methods according to the harmfulness of performing the examination (not incl anesthetic reasons, from the safest to the most harmful)

- USG

- MRI

- CT

- PET/CT

Rank the following diagnostic methods in order of increasing examination time (not incl patient prep time)

- X-ray

- CT

- USG

- MRI

- PET/MRI

Routine patient preparation for PET/CT examination with the use of 18FDG does not include:

limit excerise

Physiological accumulation of 18FDG occurs in the following organs

ALL

What is the power range (in tesla) of permanent magnet MRI machines

0.5-3 T

What are the properties of gadolinium contrast

Shortens T1 relaxation times

What tests allow to assess the condition of BVs

- MRI

- Angiography

- USG Doppler

- CT angiography (contrast CT)

Sedatives

A2 agonist: dexmedetomidine, detomidine

opioids: fentanyl, butorphanol

Benzodiazepines: diazepam, midazolam

Post-contrast enhancement in the area of inflammation in 🐱 due to viral infection of the brain should be in the T1 sequence

- Hyperintense enhancement on T1-weighted images

- Due to gadolinium crossing disrupted BBB in inflamed tissue

Hydrated structure such as edema in MRI image will be:

Strongly hyperintense in T2 dependent sequence

In CT image:

Intervertebral discs are invisible

What part of the endoscope can be sterilised

- All parts can be sterilised

- Only by different methods

What is 18FDG, what is it used for?

- Radioactive glucose analogue used in PET

- Taken up by metabolically active cells

- Tumors show ↑ uptake ("hot spots")

- Used for cancer detection + monitoring

What is the most common radionuclides in SPECT imaging

99mTc

What plane is shown on the image:

sagital cross section

What plane is shown on the image:

axial cross section

The MRI image shows:

Extrusion at the level of the cervical C4/5 in T2-dependent sequence

Name the planes on an MRI scan of a brain:

- Sagittal

- Coronal (dorsal normally)

- Axial (transverse)

Parts of the cerebrum

- 2 cerebral hemispheres

- Outer grey matter → cortex

- Inner white matter

- 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Paranasal sinuses in dog

- Frontal sinus

- Maxillary sinus

- Ethmoidal sinus

- Sphenoidal sinus

Low + high frequency probes, how do they penetrate the body?

Low frequency probes:

- ↑ penetration

- ↓ resolution

- Used for deep structures

High frequency probes:

- ↓ penetration

- ↑ resolution

- Used for superficial structures/tendons

Which probe is used for tendon exam, pregnancy confirmations in large animals, and other reasons?

Linear probe

Parts of the cerebellum

1. Cerebrocerebellum

2. Spinocerebellum

3. Vestibulocerebellum

What is radio tomograph

Technology which locates objects using radiofrequency signals in a wireless network

What are the different types of endoscopy

Rigid + flexible

What is a gantry

- Circular frame of a CT scanner

- Houses X-ray tube + detectors

- Rotates around the patient during scanning

Anatomy of intervertebral disc

- Outer anulus fibrosus → fibrocartilage layers

- Inner nucleus pulposus → gel-like center

- Functions as shock absorber between vertebrae

Fluid in FLAIR

- CSF/free fluid → dark

- Pathological fluid (edema/inflammation) → bright

What is a Faraday cage + what is it for?

- Conductive enclosure around MRI room

- Blocks internal/external electromagnetic interference

- Prevents radiofrequency signal disturbance during MRI scanning

Which structures/organs cannot be visualised using USG

- Brain

- Lungs

- Bones

- Solid organs deep in abdomen

Choose which of the features of the description of mass (about 2 cm in dm) found in the brain of a Labrador matches the description of glioma (malignant, metastatic):

a. Shape; irregular. margins; irregular + noncircumsribed. signal intensity; hypointensive + heterogeneous in the T1 sequnece, after contrast administration the signal enhanced, heterogenous with the central hypointense area

b. Shape; irregular. margins; regular. signal intensity; hypointense + homogenous in the T1 sequence, after contrast administration the signal intensity is homogeneously enhanced

c. Shape; regular. margin; circumscribed. signal intensity: hypointensive + homogeneous in the T1 sequence, after contrast administration, the signal strength is homogenously enhanced

a. Shape; irregular. margins; irregular + noncircumsribed. signal intensity; hypointensive + heterogeneous in the T1 sequnece, after contrast administration the signal enhanced, heterogenous with the central hypointense area