HN World History Midterm

What is the Reformation?

A movement that sought to correct abuses and introduce reform into the Catholic Church. It led to a split within the Church and the establishment of Protestantism.

What events led to the Reformation?

\-Political, theological trouble in the medieval Church

\-Avignon Papacy + Great Schism

\-Increase in Church secularism

\-Social, political, and cultural shifts, like Renaissance

Who were two men that made early calls for reform?

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus

Who were John Wycliffe and Jan Hus?

Both had been labeled heretics, John had questioned the pope's authority and been burned at the stake b/c of it.

Who were some of the Great Continental Reformers?

Philip Melanchthon, Martin Luther, Jan Hus, John Calvin, Gustavus Adolphus, Ulrich Zwingli, Johannes Bugenhagen, Ulrich von Hutten

What were indulgences?

People could pay money and be freed of their sins.

What logic did the Church use to justify indulgences?

The saints had preformed more good deeds then they needed to get into heaven and the "excess" could be sold off by the Church

Who is Martin Luther?

A german monk who was a leader of the Reformation. Became a monk after he survived a storm.

Who was John Tetzel?

A man who came to Luther's town selling indulgences

What did the money from the selling of indulgence go to?

Paying for part of the reconstruction of St. Peter's Cathedral

When did Luther post his 95 Theses?

October 31, 1517

What were the 95 Theses?

A list of everything Luther thought about religion and the church and indulgences. His protest. He did not intend to leave the Church, just wanted it to change

What were some of the ideas of Luther's 95 Theses?

No one could perform any sort of work to obtain salvation or forgiveness. Thought indulgences couldn't do anything in the first place. Questioned why the pope made people pay for the indulgences.

What was the Pope's response to Luther?

Told him that indulgences were not forgiveness. Luther thought this wasn't enough but Pope Leo X did not want to lose the revenue.

What happened at the Diet of Augsburg?

Luther and papal people argued, Luther's friends hid him afraid of what may happen.

What happened at the Diet of Worms?

The new holy roman emperor Charles V declared Luther a heretic and forbade the printing of his writings. Ordered him to appear at the Imperial Diet in Worms.

What happened when Luther refused to recant his ideas?

Charles V declared him an outlaw and Luther hid in Wartburg Castle.

What Church/university did Luther form?

Wittenberg

What was the first city to convert to Lutheranism?

Nuremberg

What was the Peasants' Revolt?

English peasants revolted against low wages and lords freezing serfs movements in society. Peasants killed lords and burned manors. Looked to Luther for support but he didn't at all.

What did Luther's rejection of the peasants' violence gain him?

respect from the upper classes

What happened after the Peasant revolt?

Luther became dependent on political leaders for protection and support.

What did the Peace of Augsburg do?

Allowed German princes to decide what religion would be followed in their lands

What were some of Luther's theological views?

Favor of religion being based on faith. Everyone responsible for their own religious life. Holding services in Latin.

Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

The head of the reformation in Switzerland. Argued that he hadn't copied Luther

What were some of Zwingli's ideas/reforms?

no church decor, no music, salvation by faith alone, rejected purgatory, eliminated monasteries, scripture alone

What happened with Zwingli's reform?

caused controversy, summoned to disputation where he prevailed.

What was the Marburg Colloquy?

A disagreement with Luther and Zwingli that split the Protestants. Philip of Hesse called conference to try to create a unified Protestant theology.

What was the Swiss Civil War?

war between Protestant and Catholic cantons of Switzerland. Zwingli fought and was killed.

Who was John Calvin?

A french lawyer who traveled to Geneva where he organized a Protestant movement (later became puritans)

What were some of Calvin's theological ideas?

predestination, value in hard work, justification by faith alone, consubstantiation.

What is predestination?

T - total depravity = humans are sinful

U - unconditional election = people are chosen for salvation b/c of God

L - limited atonement = only some are chosen

I - irresistible grace = cannot resist the call of God

P - perseverance of the saints = afterlife exists for the elect

Where did Calvin implement his ideas?

Council in Geneva

What did Calvin create to monitor the morality of the citizens of Geneva?

Consistory

What was Calvin's moral code for the Consistory?

no plays, fortune telling banned, no laughing during a sermon, what color of clothes people could wear.

How did Calvinism spread?

Geneva became known as "Protestant Rome", Calvin replaced Luther, reformists would come from all over and take the ideas home with them.

Who were the Anabaptists?

A protest group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and in separation of church and state

What were the beliefs of anabaptists?

members should live simple lives, church was a voluntary organization, all members were equal.

What did the radical anabaptists in Munster do?

saw Munster as new Jerusalem. Took over the city and made everything communal. gained control by force.

Who were the Mennonites?

after incident in Munster, anabaptists devoted themselves to pacifism. Menno Simons revitalized the anabaptism. urged followers to pursue peace

What began the Reformation in England?

Henry VIII's break with the Roman Church through his divorce with Catherine of Aragon

Who avoided granting Henry VIII an annulment?

Charles V + Pope Clement VII

What happened after Henry sought an annulment through the British Ecclesiastical Courts?

Secretly married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I

What were the three acts passed by Henry that enforced the break between Parliament and Rome?

Act of Restraint in Appeals

Act of Supremacy

Act of Succession

What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

denied the pope's authority

What was the Act of Supremacy?

made the king the head of the English Church

What was the Act of Succession?

required all subjects to take a loyalty to the king as head of church

Who was the mom of Edward VI?

Jane Seymour

Who was Sir Thomas More?

named Lord Chancellor in 1529, opposed the reform movement and Henry's new marriage. Was a friend of Henrys. refused to acknowledge Henry's acts.

What were the changes to structure in Henry's church?

Three acts, monarch is head of church, treason act = treason to say king wasn't head of church, dissolved monasteries.

What were the theological changes in Henry's church?

catholic doctrine, six articles act = asserted catholic teachings, transubstantiation, clerical celibacy

What happened when monasteries were dissolved?

the monarchy benefitted financially from the sales, and many nobles purchased the lands, increasing their landholdings

When did the real Reformation develop?

after Henry's death

What did Edward VI move the country towards?

protestantism

What did Mary I move the country towards?

back towards Catholicism

What did Elizabeth I move the country towards?

again towards Protestantism

What did Edward do during his rule?

His uncle ruled for him because he was underage, strengthened Protestantism, archbishop Crammer moved the Anglican Church towards Protestantism

Who was Mary I?

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, nicknamed Bloody Mary because she killed so many people (protestants) based on their religious beliefs. married to King Phillip II. Reaffirmed the position of the Pope as the head of the Church.

How did Mary reassert Catholicism?

restoration of Catholic worship practices, abolished Protestant worship, nobles feared that she would confiscate the former monastic lands that Henry had given to nobles, Mary chose not to do this.

What was Mary's campaign against the Protestants?

She had some 300 Protestants executed accusing most of heresy. Ultimately her persecution of Protestants had the opposite effect and England was more Protestant at the end of her reign.

When did Elizabeth become queen?

November 1558

What did Elizabeth I do?

Brought Protestantism back to England, but didn't persecute Catholics. Created religious stability for England. Parliament passed Act of Uniformity and Succession to establish the foundation for the Church of England. Formerly endorsed the Book of Common Prayer.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

some wanted to make Church changes, others wanted to attack, ultimately decided to involve both of these actions. Became known as the Catholic Reformation

What was the Inquisition?

A movement by the church to get rid of heresy by persecuting Protestants they were trying to reconvert them. Punishments were things like wearing a badge, or being forced to a convent/monastery

Who were the Capuschins?

an order modeled after the Franciscans

Who were the Ursulines?

founded for the purpose of teaching young girls

Who were the Jesuits?

Founded by Ignatius Loyola

What did Theresa of Avila do?

called for renewal in religious orders. Focused on spiritual mysticism and call for a return to emotional devotion and piety.

Who was Ignatius of Loyola?

Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits

What was the society of Jesus?

founded by Ignatius, vow of obedience to the Pope, established schools, active in missionary work, Book Spiritual Exercises which emphasized that people should

What is the Council of Trent?

council that met on three occasions over an 18-year period. They had two main goals, to clarify and codify Catholic dogma and to reform problems and abuses within the Church. The Papacy became more centralized, organized, and aggressive as a result.

What were the theological ideas of the Council of Trent?

Retained the seven sacraments, rejected protestant reform doctrine, opposed clerical marriage, reaffirmed belief in Purgatory, the ideas of the Reformation didn't influence the council, reasserted the importance of the Pope

What were the policies implemented by the council of Trent?

indulgence would no longer be sold, stressed priestly obligations, ordered seminaries founded, declared Latin as the only acceptable version of the Bible, Index of Forbidden Books

What the improvements for women during the Reformation

responsible for their own faith, ministers marry shows the value of women, women are seen as leaders and educators of their children, family seen as the center of faith

What did women not get improvement on during the Reformation?

still not allowed to be ministers or hold church office, still viewed as subordinate to men, more firmly locked into roles as housekeepers and childbearers.

What were the overall religious changes of the reformation?

oblivious split in Christianity between Protestant and Catholicism. religious persecution and division. Set the stage for future religious conflicts. No freedom of religion. Peace of Augsburg did not resolve the problems of religious different or put an end to religious persecution.

What were the overall political implications of the reformation?

evolving nature of relationship between church and state. the religion of the people was tied to the religion of the leader. State-headed churches were created. Break from papal political influence. Increased autonomy and independence.

What were the overall economic developments of the reformation?

contributed to the emergence of capitalism. System of production and distribution. attitude of individualism. Work was valued

What were the overall social changes of the Reformation?

Increased education and literacy. crackdown on customary festivals and rituals. More positive view of the family through allowing clergy members to marry. Marriage is now seen as more of a partnership. Improved view of women

What was the end result of the Reformation?

the earlier unity that Catholicism had created was gone for good. the reformation did not resolve all the problems that had plagued the Catholic Church, but brought them to the forefront of discussions. Its most prominenet effect would be the creation of new Christian groups. it also had a major impact on the Catholic Church, European monarchies, and social structures.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. It was a time of artistic creativity, and political, social, economic, and cultural change, it reawakened interest in learning about Ancient Greece and Rome

Where did it begin?

Italy in the 14th century, then spread throughout Europe, at this time Italy was not unified

Italian city-states

Milan = rich, controlled trade through the Alps

Venice = Adriatic, trade from all over

Florence = De Medici Family, patrons of the arts

Genoa = access to trade routes

Italian Society

Failed to unite, instead formed separate city-states, moving towards a more secular society.

Why Italy?

city-states had wealth from trade and the trade industry helped other industries to grow. city-states were lead by a wealthy middle class who supported the arts, Italy had a central location with access to trade, so they began to look at the learnings of Ancient Greece and Rome. The Muslim world had preserved texts from the ancient world that Italy was able to access through trade.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." He was one of the first people to write about politics from a secular view

The Prince

A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says **how a ruler is able to keep power and manage to keep it** disregarding enemies.

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman. He advocated for a humanist education.

The courtier

a person who attends a royal court as a companion or adviser to the king or queen. Castiglione wrote his book as sort of a hand guide for courtiers and on how to be well educated, well mannered, and an overall Renaissance Man

Renaissance Man

The belief that men should embrace all knowledge and become skilled in many areas.

Art of the Renaissance

artists reflected humanist concerns, usually with ties to Ancient Greece and Rome. The art reflected the classical culture, humanism, and Christianity. there were more portraits of individuals. New techniques arose such as perspective, shading, sfumato, chiaroscuro

Perspective

a technique used by artists to give the appearance of depth and distance

Frescos

water paintings done on wet plaster that can tell the stories and cultures of the area around it

Oil paints

new artistic technique developed by Van Eyck that provided richer colors

New paint techniques

Renaissance painters introduced many new painting techniques such as the use of perspective, shading, oil paints, sfumato, and chiaroscuro, their art also pivited to reflected more humanist ideas and towards realism.

Spread of Renaissance

trade, artists fleeing to the north because of wars, nothern scholars traveling south seeking education, and the invention of the printing press

Italian vs. Northern Renaissance

Italian: soft styles, use of pastels, religious subjects when the church was financed, stories from classical Greece and Rome. Northern: sharp and vivid styles, more pastels, subjects of families and everyday life, fewer nudes, fewer religious scenes, more landscapes

Urban Society

A system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life.

vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Printing Press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself. Invented by Johannes Gutenberg.