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Cottage Industry
textiles were the first & main ___
Deists
essentially established their own religion with “rational” ethics as its core
Salons
found in Paris, evening receptions for discussion
Elizabeth I
England
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Elizabeth presided over the Armada’s defeat
Edict of Nantes
granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots
Dutch established a global trading network
East Indies and West Indies
Francis Bacon
inductive reasoning
Rene Descartes
deductive reasoning
Cardinal Richelieu
the architect of French Absolutism
English Civil War
New Model Army - victorious force
Atlantic Slave Trade
voyage across the Atlantic was termed the “Middle Passage”
the Restoration (England)
Charles II now King, restore the English throne
Mazarin defeated the ___
nobles
Richelieu & Mazarin
consolidated power in the king’s hands at the expense of the nobility
Mercantilism
embraced by Jean Colbert
Mercantilism encouraged Colonialism (colonization):
colony furnishes raw materials, “mother” country produces finished goods
Louis XIV
known as the “Sun” King
Louis’ palace
Versailles
Louis XIV’s errors
decline in living standards, increase in mortality rates, termed the misery of the 95%, revocation of Edict of Nantes
Isaac Newton
scientific genius: Optics, Physics, universe was
an open system
The Glorious Revolution
England, Parliament grants William III & Mary II crown, they acknowledge the supremacy of Parliament
Enlightenment
criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism
John Locke
believed that at birth the mind is blank – a clean slate or tabula rasa
Voltaire
“Father of the Enlightenment”
Adam Smith
laissez faire (to let do), his thoughts represent the essence of capitalism
THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
essentially first “World War”, fought in three locations, North America, Europe, and India
7 years war drained
the British treasury
CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
practical bankruptcy of the state
inefficient & unjust tax system
philosophic ideas about the rights of man
Albert Einstein
special theory of relativity revolutionized physics
FR Revolution
10-year event, split into 3 phases: Moderate, Radical, Conservative
reigning monarchs are: King Louis XVI (16 th) & Queen Marie Antoinette
“liberty, equality, and fraternity”
Paris mob stormed the ____
Bastille
Coup Deposes the Girondins
factions in the National Convention (Jacobins v. Girondins):
Jacobins – more willing to listen to the economic & political demands of the sans-culottes
Jacobins gain control of govt.
FR Navy Defeated at ___
Trafalgar by GB Admiral Nelson, Napoleon’s aim to invade GB was thwarted
British (____) & Prussian forces defeat Napoleon at ____
Duke of Wellington
Waterloo
Industrial Revolution
fields to factories – shift from an agrarian, manual skill, labor-intensive economy to one now dominated by machine manufacturing
Cities
industrialization accelerated urbanization