Social Cognition

Social Facilitation

better at task with others around

social inhibition

worse at task with others around

Social Referencing

we sue information from others to guide our own decisions and behaviors

self reflection

thinking about ourselves in comparison to others or our autobiographical memories

embodiment

thinking about and feeling connection with our bodies; connection of body and mind

Medical PFC purpose

engaged in self-reflection-- default is to have self-reflective thought

Insula purpose

interoception, body awareness

Temporo-parietal junction

body imagery and transformations

Eye cuing affects

Even when the cues are not valid, it is hard to ignore the cue

superior temporal sulcus purpose

perception of biological motion, social expectation violations

amygdala purpose

perception of emotional facial expressions

what type of attention do social cues modulate

early selection

Implicit Association Test

Whichever concept are more strongly associated will shows faster RT than more weakly associated concepts

What increases with racial bias (Social Categorization

amygdala, DLPFC

When does cooing occur

0-2 months

When does babbling occur

6 months

When does first word occur

1 year

When does 2 word speech and some multiword

18-24 months

When does rapid growth in grammar happen

2-4 years

When does most basic grammar start

4-5 years

When does the critical language period end?

7-8 years

What brain region is used when speaking a second language

PFC increase

Primary auditory cortex

process visual information

primary motor cortex

generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement

Broca's area

speech production

wernicke's area

speech comprehension

brocas area location

Wernickes area location

Angular gyrus

transfers visual information to wernickes area (reading)

angular gyrus

What side of the brain is language lateralized to

left-lateralized

Where is the emotional side of language

right hemisphere

aphasia

language deficit from brain injury

aprosodia

prosody (inflection, stress, tone) deficit; can be receptive or expressive

Alexia

reading deficit

What part of the brain is injured in aphasia

left hemisphere

what part of the brain is damaged in aphasia

Left hemisphere

What part of the brain is damaged in aprosodia

right hemisphere

What part of the brain is injured in Alexia

angular gyrus, Visual word from area

Symptoms of Broca's aphasia

speech lacks fluency, connecting words, grammatical markers

Wernickes aphasia symptoms

speech is fluent but doesn't not make sense. comprehension is disrupted

How to test for aphasia

open ended questions, scene descriptions, multiple-step commands

Expected value

proportional reward assisted with each outcome (probability)x(value), objective

Expected utility

proportional psychological measure associated with an outcome, subjective

Utilization maximization theory

people behave according to what an outcome is personally worth to them and their subjective estimate of the probability of an event occurring

framing

our choices will vary based on how information is presented

gain frame

emphasize what one could gain, people are risk averse

loss frame

emphasize what one has lost or could lose

What part of the brain overrides framing effects

dmPFC

key structures int eh dopamine pathway

substancia nigra, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens

What is dopamine

a MOTIVATIONAL driver, wanting not liking

reward prediction error

dopamine neurons do not signal reward, they signal changes in information about reward

What responds to changes in reward expectation

Ventral tegmental area

neural basis of addiction

activation in reward areas (ventral striatum) for near misses

ADHD & dopamine

difficulties synthesizing dopamine, fewer receptors, higher concentration of dopamine transporters

impact on delay and value

people judge rewards to be less valuable the farther in the future they occur

what activates for immediate rewards

ventral striatum

Is social stimuli rewarding

activation of the ventral striatum is evoked both when money goes to themselves or charity

What is cooperation associated with

NAc activity

ability to over override self-interested impulses in order to implement fairness-related behaviors

dlPFC

computing decision value

vmPFC

executive function (singular)

overarching unitary capacity for goal directed behavior, self regulation, and top down control

executive functions (pleural)

specific processes that together make up the broader ability known as executive function

what region of the brain is for complex tasks

anterior

what region of the brain is for simple tasks

posterior

contextual control

in order to use executive functions efficiently, the brain must monitor the success of ongoing plans and the potential for conflicts

What part of the brain is responsible for conflict monitoring

anterior cingulate cortex

what part of the brain is for rule application

dlPFC

working memory

active process involved in maintaining information and rules to enable ongoing processing and goal-directed behavior

what part of the brain deals with manipulation of info in working memory

dlPFC

utilization behavior

impulsively acting on irrelevant objects in the environment due to anteromedial frontal injury

imitation behavior

a patient's replication of the examiners movements due to anteromedial injury

dysexecutive syndrome

impaired ability to plan and pay attention, lateral prefrontal injury

disinhibition syndrome

impaired social and emotional behavior, ventromedial prefrontal injury (0-100)

what disorder is characterized by problems with executive functioning

ADHD

arcuate fasciculus

connects brocas and wernickes area