micro exam 3 review

What are the 4 types of cancer?

carcinoma, leukemia, lymphomas, sarcomas

What type of cancer is carcinoma?

arises from skin, glands, membranes, and metastasizes via lymph

What type of cancer is leukemia?

tissue that form blood, blood cancer

What type of cancer is lymphomas

lymph tissue

What type of cancer is sarcomas

usually metastasize via blood vessels, arises from connective tissue

What type of specific immune cell do AIDS damage?

CD4⁺ T helper cells (T lymphocytes)

What is the cause of AIDS?

condition that develops when HIV progressively weakens the immune system

What is HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)?

virus that attacks immune system specifically CD4 cells

What is a autograft

use of one’s own tissue

What is isograft?

use of identical twin’s tissue

What is allograft?

Use of tissue from another person (not a twin)

What is xenograft?

Use of non-human tissue

What is privileged tissue (site)?

an area of the body (or tissue) that does not cause an immune response (ex; cornea, brain, heart valve)

What is the prevention and treatment of anaphylaxis/allergy?

avoid allergens, medications to treat reaction (antihistamine + epinephrine)

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions

Type I (anaphylactic), Type II (cytotoxic), type III (immune complex), type IV (cell mediated)

what antibody is involved in type I (anaphylactic) reactions

involved IgE antibodies, bind to mast cells and basophils

what antibody is involved in type II (cytotoxic) reactions

IgG or IgM AB and complement, causes cell lysis or damage of host cells by macrophages (ex; blood transfusion reaction)

what antibody is involved in type III (immune complex) reactions

IgG, IgM, and antigens form complexes that lodge in basement membranes, cause inflammation (glomerulonephritis)

what antibody is type IV (cell mediated) reactions

no antibodies involved (poison ivy, latex)

what are examples of over response

hypersensitivity, allergy, autoimmunity, anaphylaxis, transplant rejection

what are examples under response

disease, cancer, immune suppresion

define vaccination (immunization)

injection of antigens into body but usually not the disease producing part -they are modified

what is innate (nonspecific) immunity

built in resistance (canine distemper)

what is acquired immunity

developed during an individual’s lifetime (vaccination)

what is humoral immunity

antibodies produced by B cells, found in extracellular fluids, makes antibodies respond to antigen

what is cell mediated immunity

uses specialized lymphocytes called T lymphocytes

5 types of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE)

characteristics of IgM

pentamer, 1st made in initial exposure to an antigen then declines rapidly, remains in blood vessels,

characteristics of IgA

dimer, in secretions (saliva, colostrum, etc), stop pathogens from attaching to mucous surface

characteristics of IgD

monomer, antigen receptor on B cells

characteristics of IgG

monomer, most common ab in blood, in blood, lymph, intestine, crosses the placenta, mainly in 2nd exposure and long lived (many yrs)

characteristics of IgE

monomer, on mast cells and basophils in blood, cause mast cella to release histamine, allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms

what are chemokines

cause leukocytes to move to an infection

what are cytokines

chemical messengers within immune system

what are interleukins

communication between leukocytes

what is primary response

1st exposure, slow rise in antibody titer

what is secondary response (memory response)

2nd exposure, memory cells quickly divide into plasma cells, which produces antibodies

what is antibody titer

amount of ab in serum

what is herd immunity

the presence of immunity in most of a population

what is self tolerance

body doesn’t make ab against self, clonal deletion (B cells) and thymic selection (T cells); process of destroying B and T cells that react w/ self antigens

what is T dependent antigens

need helper T and macrophages to assist the B lymphocyte production

what is T independent antigens

produce B cell response without aid of T cells, usually IgM

types of acquiring immunity

naturally acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired active

example of naturally acquired active immunity

infection

example of naturally acquired passive immunity

transplacental or bia colostrum

example of artificially acquired active immunity

injection of Ag (vaccination)

what is a hapten

low molecular weight molecules that are not antigens by themselves - need a carrier molecule

what is a antigenic determinant (epitope)

specific region on the surface of an antigen against which ab are formed/react

what is innate immunity/nonspecific resistance

defenses against any pathogens

what is adaptive immunity/ specific resistance

resistance to a specific pathogen

what are the different types/categories of WBC (leukocytes)

granulocytes, agranulocytes

what is a granulocyte

large granules in cytoplasm that are visible and under a microscope

what is a agranulocyte

have granules but not visible under light microscope

what are the 3 types of granulocytes

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

what are neutrophils

highly phagocytic, leave blood enter the infected tissue and destroy microbes and foreign particles

what are basophils

role is unclear, release histamine

what are eosinophils

they attach to the surface of parasite and discharge peroxide ions that destroy them

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes

monocyte, lymphocyte

what are monocytes

phagocytic as mature macrophages

what are lymphocytes (T cell and B cell)

are not phagocytic, play a key role in specific immunity

what is opsonization

enhancement of phagocytosis by coating with certain proteins (opsonins), happens in stage of adherence from stages of phagocytosis

what is a interferon

antiviral protein that interfere with vital multiplication

what are disadvantages of interferon

effective for short periods, when injected side effects can be toxic, no effect on cells already infected

what are the stages of phagocytosis

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion

what happens in chemotaxis

chemical attraction of phagocytes are microbial products, components of WBC/tissue cells, peptides from complement

what happens in adherence

attachment to microorganism, can be done easily or difficulty w/ the presence of M proteins of large capsules can inhibit adherence.

what happens in ingestion

pseudopods neet and fuse surrounding microorganisms in a sac called a phagosome

what happens in digestion

phagosome comes in contact w lysosomes that contains digestive enzymes, kill most type of bacteria

what are the stages of inflammation

vasodilation, phagocyte migration, tissue repair

what happens in vasodilation

increased blood flow, edema-swelling, histamines and kinins increase permeability of blood vessels, leukotrienes increase permeability of blood flow rate

what happens in phagocyte migration

phagocytes stick to inner surface of blood vessels, emigration (diapedesis)- phagocytes (WBC) move out of the blood vessel to tissues

what happens when phagocytes begin to destroy the microorganisms by phagocytosis migration (inflammation)

pus formation- dead cells, WBC, invading microorganism

abscess- localized walled off infection

what happens in tissue repair

fever occurs, g - endotoxin cause phagocytes to release interleukin 1, hypothalamus release prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamus to a high temperature, body increases rate of metabolism and shivering to raise temperature (chills)

what is the complement system

serum proteins involved in lysis and phagocytosis of bacteria

what are the 3 ways complement system can be activated

classical, alternative, lectin

what is the result of complement system

cytolysis, inflammation, and opsonization

A complement pathway is activated after antibodies bind to a bacterial antigen. Which pathway is this?

Classical pathway

Which pathway is part of innate immunity and does NOT require antibodies?

Alternative pathway

what is virulence

the degree (how severe) of pathogenicity

what is the portals of entry

mucous membrane (respiratory, GI, genitourinary, conjunctiva (eye)), skin, parental route

portal of entry through respiratory tract

most common, ex; cold, pneumonia, tuberculosis, flu, measles, small pox

portal of entry in gastrointestinal tract

microbes enter food, water, or contaminated food

most survive in stomach acid

ex; poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, typhoid fever

portals of entry in skin

act as a barrier for most microbes, some can gain assess in a open wound

portals of entry parental route

deposited beneath skin (needles, punctures, bites, cuts, surgery)

What is LD50

lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of test population (potency of toxic)

what is ID50

infectious dose for 50% of the test population (virulence)

what are the methods of adhesion

adhesins and ligands, biofilms

what is adhesin and ligands

surface molecules of microorganism, enable MO to adhere to host tissue, may be part of glycocalyx, pili, fimbriae, flagella

(streptococcus mutans, actinomyces causes tooth decay)

what is biofilms

communitie of MO (scum in pool, shower doors, teeth)

ways of penetrating host defences

capsules, enzymes, coagulase, kinases, hyaluronidase, collagenase, IgA proteases, antigenic variation, invasions

what is a capsule

glycocalyx resist phagocytosis, therefore increases virulence (prevents adhesion of phagocytic cell)

what are the components of a cell wall

certain proteins that resist or aid penetration

M protein- heat+acid resistant

Opa- adhesion

what are enzymes (coagulase, kinases, hyaluronidase, collagenase, igA proteases, antigenic variation, invasions)

extracellular enzymes

what is a coagulase

coagulate blood

what is a kinases

digest fibrin clots

what is a hyaluronidase

hydrolyses hyaluronic acid

what is a collagenase

hydrolyzes collegen

what is a igA proteases

destroy IgA antibodies

what are antigenic variation

alter surface proteins

what is invasions

manipulate cytoskeleton allowing entry to cell membrane