PSYCH 127B SPEEDRUN RAHHHHHH

WE STUDY AT THE END OF THE WORLD

biological tradition (Hippocrates)

search for physical causes of and treatments for mental illness

psychological tradition (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner)

systematic approach to psychological science of psychopathology

Pavlov’s Classical conditioning

responses to stimuli, dog salivation

Watson’s Behaviorism

learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology

Little Albert experiment

white rat/noise fear

Little Peter experiment

systematic desensitization

Thorndike/Skinner’s operant conditioning

rat box/food reinforcement/shaping

Shaping

process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors

clinical assessment

systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible disorder

diagnosis

the process of determining whether the problem afflicting the individual meets criteria for a disorder

prototype

typical profile of a disorder

two ways to measure reliability

test-retest, inter-rater

two ways to measure validity

face validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity

face validity

do the test items look reasonable?

concurrent validity/descriptive validity

length of test vs. effectiveness

predictive validity

does score predict future outcomes?

reliability

is the measurement consistent?

validity

does it measure what it’s designed to measure?

standardization

constants in the assessment ensure reliability

five things the mental status exam tests

appearance and behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, sensorium

projective test (type of psychological testing)

inkblot test of unconscious mind projections

personality inventories (type of psychological testing)

self-report questionnaires to assess personality traits

example of personality inventory

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

three types of neuropsychological tests

rhythm test, strength of grip test, tactile performance test

naturalistic observation (a type of behavioral assessment)

observing the behavior in the place where it happens (home/school)

autosome

chromosome pairs that develop brain and body

sex chromosomes

determine sex of the human

genome

sum of all genetic material

genes

segments of DNA that code for protein

the four nucleotides

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

what percent of DNA is coding

1-2%

transcription main enzyme

RNA polymerase II

genetic locus

address of gene on a chromosome

polymorphism

different forms of alleles that can be found

most common mutation that causes allele variation

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

is color blindness dominant or recessive on the X chromosome

recessive

is sickle cell disease dominant or recessive autosomal?

recessive

example of single gene inherited disease, that’s also a good example of the gene-environment interaction

phenylketonuria (PKU)

polygenic

many genes contribute to complex phenotypes

quantitative genetics

examines how genes contribute to often polygenic dimensional traits

molecular genetics

seeing how gene structure is associated with traits

polygenic risk scores (PRS)

number that summarizes estimated effect of many genetic variants for a phenotype

genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

large sample studies identify SNPs associated with trait/phenotype

endophenotypes

intermediary phenotypes (excludes syndrome and gene)

narrow heritability h²

proportion of trait variance due to additive genetic factors

probands

person with the disorder in family studies

pleiotropic loci

associated with but not causing a gene

diathesis-stress model

inherited disorder activates under stress

diathesis

predisposition toward disorder

differential susceptibility model

for better or for worse approach; vulnerable in negative contexts and stronger in positive

cross-fostering studies (animal models)

disentangles genetic from environmental factors

epigenetics

modification of the expression of genes without changes to the DNA

three types of epigenetic occurrences

histone modifications, dna methylation, telomere length

acetylation

opens gene

deacetylation

closes gene

methylation

deactivates gene promoter

phosphorylation

signals transcription/translation

CpG sites

sites where DNA methylation occurs

epigenetic clocks

machine learning identifies CpGs that predict chronological age

telomere

protective caps at ends of chromosomes, shorten with each cell division

telomerase

enzymes that lengthen telomeres

somatic nervous system

voluntary skeletal muscle control/reflex arcs

main neurotransmitter of the somatic nervous system

acetylcholine

autonomic nervous system

involuntary bodily functions

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system

norepinephrine

central nervous system

spinal cord and brain

stroke

brain damage caused by lack of blood to brain

blood brain barrier

prevents drugs entering the brain through the bloodstream

meninges

protective layer of the brain/spinal cord

cerebrospinal fluid

bath of seawater that the brain and spinal cord float in

glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter

brain parts removed from H.M.

hippocampus, parahippocampus, amygdala

H.M.’s original condition

severe epilepsy

H.M. after the surgery

no new declarative memories but could learn procedural memories

phrenology

pseudoscience claims bumps and contours of skull show personality traits

Jacksonian March

pattern of seizure activity in the primary motor cortex

homunculus

amount of primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) devoted to given body region proportional to # nerves in that region

according to homunculus, most nerves are in which 4 parts of body?

face, lips, tongue, hands

lateralization

cerebral hemispheres having different functional roles

Broca’s aphasia

can understand, no words

Wernicke’s aphasia

can produce nonsensical words, don’t understand

hemispatial neglect

can’t process info on one side of body