Community Health (Final Exam - Expanded)

What is public health?

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health, and improving environmental safety

What is a key goal of public health regarding populations?

Improving health for all regardless of ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, or gender

What is the primary focus of public health nursing (PHN)?

Keeping people healthy in the first place

What major issue does public health nursing address?

Systemic inequities

Why are individuals without resources at higher risk in public health?

They may die earlier due to lack of access to care

What type of approach does public health nursing use?

Population-based and holistic approach

What is meant by "intervening upstream" in public health nursing?

Preventing disease before it occurs by addressing root causes

What is a major goal of public health nursing for future generations?

Preparing them to be healthier and make healthy choices

What is a key strategy for community health promotion?

Making the healthiest choice the easiest choice

What is the mission of public health?

Organizing community efforts to use scientific knowledge to prevent disease and promote health

What three characteristics define public health practice?

Scientific discipline, community-oriented, population-focused

What is public health defined as at the societal level?

What society does collectively to ensure conditions in which people can be healthy

What are the 10 Essential Services of Public Health?

Assess and monitor health, investigate health problems, communicate and educate, mobilize communities, develop policies, enforce laws, ensure access to care, build workforce, improve through research, maintain infrastructure

What is the focus of public health nursing practice according to the cornerstones?

The health of entire populations

What does public health nursing reflect when planning care?

Community priorities and needs

What type of relationships are emphasized in public health nursing?

Caring relationships with communities, systems, individuals, and families

What values guide public health nursing practice?

Social justice, compassion, sensitivity to diversity, respect for all people

What aspects of health does public health nursing encompass?

Mental, physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and environmental

What drives strategies used in public health nursing?

Epidemiological evidence

What is the role of collaboration in public health nursing?

Working with community resources to achieve health goals

From where does public health nursing derive authority for independent action?

Nurse Practice Act

What are the cornerstones of public health?

Population-based, grounded in social justice, focus on greater good, prevention-focused, evidence-driven, organized community resources, long-term commitment

What are the cornerstones of nursing within public health?

Relationship-based, grounded in caring, sensitivity to diversity, holistic focus, respect for all, independent action

What is the unit of care in public health nursing?

The population

What is the primary obligation of public health nursing?

Achieving the greatest good for the greatest number

True or False: Public health nursing prioritizes individual rights over population needs

False (population needs are prioritized)

How do public health nurses interact with clients?

As equal partners

What level of prevention is the priority in public health nursing?

Primary prevention

What type of strategies are emphasized in public health nursing?

Strategies that create healthy environmental, social, and economic conditions

What is the responsibility of public health nurses regarding outreach?

Actively identify and reach all who may benefit

Why is resource use important in public health nursing?

To ensure the best overall population health outcomes

Why is collaboration essential in public health nursing?

It is the most effective way to promote and protect population health

What is the core function of assessment in public health?

Systematic data collection, analysis, and monitoring of health problems

What does assessment include in public health practice?

Monitoring population health and sharing information

What is the core function of policy development?

Using scientific knowledge to create public health policies

What supports population health through leadership and research?

Policy development

What is the core function of assurance?

Ensuring services are available to meet health goals

What does assurance include in public health?

Providing access to services and maintaining a competent workforce

What is the downstream approach in public health?

Addressing disease after it has occurred

What does the downstream approach focus on?

Biological and behavioral aspects of disease

What are upstream determinants of health?

Social relationships, neighborhoods, communities, institutions, and policies

What is the goal of upstream approaches?

Eliminating factors that increase health risk

What is Healthy People 2030?

A U.S. national initiative that sets 10-year goals to improve health and reduce health disparities

What are the main goals of Healthy People 2030?

Improve health and well-being, eliminate disparities, achieve health equity, promote healthy behaviors, create supportive environments

What is a key new focus of Healthy People 2030?

Health equity and social determinants of health

What improvement was made to objectives in Healthy People 2030?

More measurable objectives

What is emphasized more in Healthy People 2030 compared to previous versions?

Data tracking, outcomes, and overall well-being

Why is Healthy People 2030 important for nurses?

Guides evidence-based care, focuses on prevention, supports planning, addresses social determinants

What is primary prevention?

Vaccines, health education, exercise promotion

What is secondary prevention?

Screenings

What is tertiary prevention?

Rehabilitation and management of chronic disease

What is screening in public health?

Testing groups at risk or asymptomatic individuals to detect disease early

True or False: Screening tests are diagnostic

False (they are not diagnostic tests)

What level of prevention is screening associated with?

Secondary prevention

What is reliability in screening?

Consistency of results on repeated tests

What is validity in screening?

Accuracy of measuring what it is supposed to measure

What is sensitivity in screening?

Ability to correctly identify those with disease (true positives)

What is specificity in screening?

Ability to correctly identify those without disease (true negatives)

What do positive and negative predictive values indicate?

Likelihood that test results are accurate

What is community-based nursing focused on?

Managing acute and chronic conditions in individuals and families

What is community-oriented nursing focused on?

Improving health of populations through prevention and education

What is the main difference between community-based and community-oriented nursing?

Individual care vs population-focused prevention

What is population health?

Health outcomes of a group and distribution of those outcomes

What defines a population?

A group of people with a shared characteristic such as location, age, condition, or risk factor

What are examples of populations?

Elderly adults, pregnant women, school children, diabetics, low-income families, nursing home residents

What is the difference between public health and population health?

Public health focuses on prevention for all, population health focuses on outcomes of specific groups

What are key components of population health?

Health promotion, risk reduction, health protection

What is the goal of health promotion?

Change behaviors

What are goals of population health interventions?

Promote healthy lifestyles and reduce morbidity and mortality

Why must nurses understand populations in all settings?

To improve care for individuals, families, communities, and systems

What occurred in the 1800s related to public health?

Establishment of health departments, hospitals, and nursing schools

Why were early hospitals dangerous?

Poor sanitation and high infection rates

Who is the founder of public health nursing?

Lillian Wald

Who is considered the founder of modern nursing?

Florence Nightingale

What is Florence Nightingale known for?

Improving care during the Crimean War and in hospitals

What did the Shattuck Report of 1850 establish?

Connection between sanitation and disease and foundation of public health

Who started the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)?

Mary Breckinridge

How did Mary Breckinridge deliver care?

On horseback in rural areas

What are the five social determinants of health?

Economic stability, education access and quality, healthcare access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, social and community context

What are other determinants of health beyond basic factors?

Health inequities and U.S. inequities

What does the Intervention Wheel illustrate?

How public health nurses improve health across individuals, families, communities, and systems

True or False: Public health nurses intervene at only one level of practice

False (they intervene at all levels)

What are the three levels of practice in the Intervention Wheel?

Individual/family, community, systems

What is the goal at the individual/family level of practice?

Change behaviors, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs

What is the goal at the community level of practice?

Change community norms, attitudes, awareness, practices, and behaviors

What is the goal at the systems level of practice?

Change organizations, laws, policies, and power structures

True or False: Public health nursing uses the nursing process at all levels of practice

True

How many interventions are included in the Intervention Wheel?

17 interventions

How are the interventions in the Intervention Wheel organized?

Color-coded wedges

Which color groups represent individuals, families, and groups in the Intervention Wheel?

Red, green, and blue

Which color groups represent systems and communities?

Orange and yellow

How do interventions relate to essential services?

Interventions are how services are implemented

What do the 10 Essential Services represent in public health nursing?

What public health nurses do

What are interventions considered in public health nursing?

The means of implementation

What are the cornerstones of public health nursing considered in relation to the Intervention Wheel?

The "why" behind practice

What is the main focus of public health nursing practice?

Populations

What is emphasized in public health nursing practice?

Prevention

What major factors are addressed in public health nursing?

Social determinants of health

What ethical principle is promoted in public health nursing?

Social justice

What type of practice supports decision-making in public health nursing?

Evidence-based practice