BIO 107: Unit 2 - Ch 7 Bone Structure

What are the functions of bone?

What are these functions of:

• Support - structural support & provide framework for soft tissue

• Mineral Storage - calcium

• Storage of lipids - yellow marrow

• Blood Cell Production - red marrow

• Protection - ribs, skull, vertebra

• Leverage - force of motion

What are the different bone shapes?

What are these different shapes of:

• Long Bones

• Flat Bones

• Sutural Bones

• Irregular Bones

• Short Bones

• Sesamoid Bones

What are long bones?

Which type of bone shape is:

• Long and thin

• Found in arms, legs, hands & feet

What are flat bones?

Which type of bone shape is:

• Thin with parallel surfaces

• Found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula

What are sutural bones?

Which type of bone shape is:

• Small, irregular bones

• Found between flat bones of the skull

What are irregular bones?

Which type of bone shape is:

• Complex shapes

• Ex: spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones

What are short bones?

Which type of bone shape is:

• Small and thick

• Ex: ankle, wrist bones

What are sesamoid bones?

Which type of bone shape is:

• Small and flat

• Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet

What is foramen?

Which bone landmark term means opening?

What is fossa?

Which bone landmark term means shallow depression?

What is sulcus?

Which bone landmark term means groove?

What is meatus?

Which bone landmark term means canal?

What is fissure?

Which bone landmark term means slit?

What is sinus?

Which bone landmark term means cavity?

What is condyle?

Which bone landmark term means rounded knuckle?

What is tuberosity?

Which bone landmark term means large rough process?

What is tubercle?

Which bone landmark term means small rounded process?

What is trochanter?

Which bone landmark term means very large process?

What is head?

Which bone landmark term means supported by a neck?

What is crest?

Which bone landmark term means narrow ridge?

What is spine?

Which bone landmark term means shape, slender process?

What is epiphysis?

Which part of the long bone is:

• Wide part at each end, mostly spongy bone

• Articulation with other bones

What is diaphysis?

Which part of the long bone is:

• The shaft

• A heavy wall compact bone

• A central space called marrow cavity

What is metaphysis?

Which part of the long bone is:

• Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

• Epiphyseal Line - bone growth

What is endosteum?

What is the inner layer of compact bone that lines the medullary cavity and covers trabeculae of spongy bone?

What is periosteum?

What covers outer layer bones, except parts enclosed in joint capsules?

What are functions of periosteum?

What are these function of:

• Isolate bone from surrounding tissues

• Provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply

• Participate in bone growth and repair

What is articular cartilage?

Which type of hyaline cartilage provides covering that prevents bone-to-bone contact in joints?

What does matrix minerals contain?

How is 2/3 of bone matrix is calcium phosphate, Ca₃(PO₄)₂?

What does matrix proteins contain?

How is 1/3 of bone matrix is protein fibers (collagen)?

How much do bone cells make up?

What make up only 2% of bone mass?

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Which type of bone cell is:

• Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts

• Stem cells → osteoblasts

What are osteocytes?

Which type of bone cell is:

• Mature bone cells

• Are between layers (lamellae) of matrix

• Connect by cytoplasmic extension through canaliculi in lamellae

• Maintain protein & mineral content of bone

• Do not divide

What are osteoblasts?

Which type of bone cell is:

• Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds

• Produce new bone matrix (osteogenesis)

What is osteoid?

Which type of bone cell is:

• Matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified to form bone

• Organic matrix for calcium salt deposit

What are osteoclasts?

Which type of bone cell is:

• Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes

• Remove or recycle bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)

• Are derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

What does homeostasis look like in the skeletal system? 

Bone building (by osteocytes) and bone recycling (by osteoclasts) must balance. This is an example of what?

What is osteon in compact bones?

Which part of the compact bone is:

• The basic unit of mature compact bone

What are osteocytes in compact bones?

Which part of the compact bone is:

• Are arranged in concentric lamellae

What is lamellae in compact bones?

Which part of the compact bone is:

• Layers of the matrix

What is canaliculi in compact bones?

Which part of the compact bone is:

• Form pathways for blood vessels, exchange nutrients and wastes

What is the central canal of compact bone?

What contains blood vessels in the compact bone?

What are perforating canals?

What is perpendicular to the central canal, and carry blood vessels into bone and marrow?

What is spongy bone?

Which bone type does not have osteons, and the matrix forms an open network of trabeculae?

What is red marrow?

Which type of marrow forms red blood cells?

What is yellow marrow?

Which type of marrow is yellow because it stores fat (adipose tissue)?

What is ossification?

Which bone formation is:

• The process of replacing other tissues with bone

• (endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification)

What is calcification?

Which bone formation is:

• The process of depositing calcium salts

• Occurs during bone ossification and in other tissues

What is endochondral ossification?

Which type of ossification ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage?

What is the process and steps of endochondral ossification?

What is this the process of:

1. Chondrocytes in the center of hyaline cartilage

2. Blood vessels grow around the edges

3. Blood vessels enter the cartilage

4. Remodeling creates a marrow cavity

5. Capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses

6. Epiphyses fill with spongy bone

What is the first step of endochondral ossification?

Which step of endochondral ossification have:

• Chondrocytes in the center of hyaline cartilage:

  • Enlarge

  • Form struts and calcify

  • Die, leaving cavities in cartilage

What is the second step of endochondral ossification, after chondrocytes in the center of hyaline cartilage?

Which step of endochondral ossification have:

• Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage

• Cells in the perichondrium change to osteoblasts

  • Producing a layer of superficial bone around the shaft which will continue to grow and become compact bone

What is the third step of endochondral ossification, after blood vessels grow around the edges?

Which step of endochondral ossification have:

• Blood vessels enter the cartilage:

  • Bringing fibroblasts that become osteoblasts

  • Spongy bone develops at the primary ossification center

What is the fourth step of endochondral ossification, after blood vessels enter the cartilage?

Which step of endochondral ossification have:

• Remodeling creates a marrow cavity:

  • Bone replaces cartilage at the metaphysis

What is the fifth step of endochondral ossification, after remodeling creates a marrow cavity?

Which step of endochondral ossification have:

• Capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses:

  • Creating secondary ossification centers

What is the sixth step of endochondral ossification, after capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses?

Which step of endochondral ossification have:

• Epiphyses fill with spongy bone:

  • Cartilage with the joint cavity is articulation cartilage

  • Cartilage at the metaphysis is epiphyseal cartilage

What is intramembranous ossification?

Which type of ossification occurs in the dermis, and produces dermal bones such as mandible and clavicle?

What is the process and steps of intramembranous ossification?

What is this the process of:

1. Osteoblasts, develop projections called spicules

2. Spicules connect

3. Spongy bone develops and is remodeled

What is the 1st step of intramembranous ossification?

Which step of intramembranous ossification have:

• Mesenchymal cells aggregate:

  • Differentiate into osteoblasts

  • Begin ossification at the ossification center

  • Develop projections called spicules

What is the 2nd step of intramembranous ossification, after osteoblasts develop projections called spicules?

Which step of intramembranous ossification have:

• Blood vessels grow into the area

  • To supply the osteoblasts

• Spicules connect

  • Trapping blood vessels inside bone

What is the 3rd step of intramembranous ossification, after spicules connect?

Which step of intramembranous ossification have:

• Spongy bone develops and is remodeled into

  • Osteons of compact bone

  • Periosteum

  • Or marrow cavities

What is bone remodeling?

What recycles and renews bone matrix, involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts?

What is the dynamic nature of bone?

How does bone continually remodels, recycles, and replaces?

What is the effects of exercise on bone?

How does the heavily stressed bone become thicker and stronger?

What is bone degeneration?

What can be lost up to 1/3 of mass in a few weeks of inactivity?

What is vitamin C used for?

Which vitamin is required for collagen synthesis, and stimulates osteoblast differentiation?

What is vitamin A used for?

Which vitamin stimulates osteoblast activity?

What vitamins K and B₁₂ used for?

Which vitamin help synthesize bone proteins?

What is calcitriol?

These are the function of which hormone:

• Made in the the kidneys

• Helps absorb calcium and phosphorus from digestive tract

• Synthesis requires vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol)

What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

These are the function of which hormone:

• Produced by parathyroid glands in neck

• Increases calcium ion levels by:

  • Stimulating osteoclasts

  • Increasing intestinal absorption of calcium

  • Decreases calcium excretion at kidneys

What is calcitonin?

These are the function of which hormone:

• Secreted by C cells in thyroid

• Decreases calcium ion levels by:

  • Inhibiting osteoclast activity

  • Increasing calcium excretion at kidneys

What is osteoporosis?

What condition cause severe bone loss that affect normal function, and occurs over age 45?

What is the process of fracture repair?

What is this a process of:

1. Bleeding, produces a clot

2. Bone growth stabilizes the break

3. Osteoblasts, replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone

4. Osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture

What is the first step of fracture repair?

Which step of fracture repair have:

• Bleeding:

  • Produces a clot (fracture hematoma)

  • Establishes a fibrous network

• Bone cells in the area die

What is the second step of fracture repair, after clot produced?

Which step of fracture repair have:

• Bone growth stabilizes the break:

  • External callus of the cartilage and bone surrounds break

  • Internal callus develops in marrow cavity

What is the third step of fracture repair, after bone growth stabilizes the break?

Which step of fracture repair have:

• Osteoblasts

  • Replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone

What is the fourth step of fracture repair, after replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone?

Which step of fracture repair have:

• Osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year

What is a single fracture?

Which type of fracture is (closed) contained?

What is a compound fracture?

Which type of fracture is (open) not contained?

What is an incomplete fracture?

Which type of fracture is not broken completely through the bone?

What is a complete fracture?

Which type of fracture is broken totally through the bone?

What is a greenstick fracture?

Which type of fracture is (children) one side breaks & other side bends?

What is a comminuted/segmental fracture?

Which type of fracture is 3 or more pieces breaks & other side bends?

What is a transverse fracture?

Which type of fracture is across the bone?

What is a displaced fracture?

Which type of fracture is a bone moves out of alignment?

What is an oblique fracture?

Which type of fracture is a diagonal break of bone?

What is a spiral fracture?

Which type of fracture is twisting (little kids arms = possible abuse)?

What is a compacted fracture?

Which type of fracture is the end of bone is driven into shaft?

What is a compression fracture?

Which type of fracture is crushed or clasped vertebrae?

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

Which type of fracture is along plate, can stop growth, but do heal very well?

What is a colles’ fracture?

Which type of fracture occurs on distal radius, reaching out during a fall?

What is a pott’s fracture?

Which type of fracture is a break of both bones of the ankle?