Mr. Woodert Midterm study guide

140 decibels

threshold of severe pain

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

aerobic capacity

Maximum rate at which oxygen can be taken in and used by muscles

Aerobic training zone

a heart rate between 75% and 85% of your maximum heart rate

aerobic/anaerobic threshold

85-90%

alimentary canal

the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

Alveoli

ex 1. any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.

ex 2. the bony socket for the root of a tooth.

amino acids

are molecules that combine to form proteins

Amplitude

the maximum displacement of distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its eguilibrium position.

Anabolic

marked by or promoting metabolic activity concerned with the biosynthesis of complex molecules

Anaerobic

relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by restriction of food intake leading to low body weight, typically accompanied by intense fear of gaining weight and disturbed perception of body weight and image.

anxiety disorder

involves persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities

Aorta

the main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system. In humans it passes over the heart from the left ventricle and runs down in front of the backbone.

appendicular skeleton

is one of two major bone groups in the body, the other being the axial skeleton.

Arteries

any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body.

Arterioles

a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries.

artery

any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body.

auricle

a structure resembling an ear or earlobe.
another term for atrium (of the heart).
strictly, a small muscular appendage of each atrium.

autonomic nervous system

is a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

Balance

an even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady.

axial skeleton

is made up of the 80 bones within the central core of your body.

ballistic stretch

uses the momentum of a moving body or a limb in an attempt to force it beyond its normal range of motion.

basal metabolic rate

the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing and keeping warm.

binge

a period of excessive indulgence in an activity, especially eating, drinking, or taking drugs.

binge eating disorder

is when you eat a large amount of food in a short amount of time and feel you can't control what or how much you are eating.

bipolar disorder

a serious mental illness that causes unusual shifts in mood, ranging from extreme highs (mania or "manic" episodes) to lows (depression or "depressive" episode)

blood doping

the injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event in an attempt to enhance athletic performance.

body composition

is the percentage of a body's weight that is fat tissue

body dysmorphic disorder

is a mental health condition in which you can't stop thinking about one or more perceived defects or flaws in your appearance

body mass index

a weight-to-height ratio, calculated by dividing one's weight in kilograms by the square of one's height in meters and used as an indicator of obesity and underweight.

Bronchiole

are air passages inside the lungs.

bulemia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by regular, often secretive bouts of overeating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging, strict dieting, or extreme exercise, associated with persistent and excessive concern with body weight.

Calorie

a unit of energy equivalent to the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C (now often defined as equal to 4.1868 joules).
2.

capillary

any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.

Carbohydrates

any of a large group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose, containing hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and used as structural materials and for energy storage within living tissues.
"water-soluble carbohydrates"

central nervous system

the complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. In vertebrates it comprises the brain and spinal cord.

cardiorespiratory endurance

refers to the ability of the heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to working muscles during continuous physical activity, which is an important indicator of physical health.

choking

is when a person can't speak, cough, or breathe because something is blocking (obstructing) the airway.

Cholesterol

a compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues. Cholesterol and its derivatives are important constituents of cell membranes and precursors of other steroid compounds, but a high proportion in the blood of low-density lipoprotein (which transports cholesterol to the tissues) is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease.

cluster suicides

may be defined as a group of suicides, suicide attempts, or self-harm events that occur closer together in time and space than would normally be expected in a given community. The cluster may be one type of event or any combination of the three listed above.

cochlea

the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

complete proteins

contains the 9 amino acids you need in your food

complex carbohydrates

are made up of sugar molecules that are strung together in long, complex chains.

Cones

a type of photoreceptor cell in the retina.

conjunctiva

is the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.

Conjunctivitis

is the inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye

Coordination

is the origination of the different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively.

Cornea

is the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

creatine phosphate

is another term for phospocreatine

Cycling (PED's)

have the ability or potential to drastically alter the human body and biological functions, including the ability to considerable improve athletic performance in certain instances.

Daily Reference Values (DRVs)

is the set of numerical quantities developed by the US food and drug administration for the dietary intake of energy- containing macronutrients, including carbohydrates, cholesterol, fat, fibre, saturated fatty acids, potassium, protein, and sodium

Decibels

is a unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal by comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale.

Depression

is characterized by persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities.

Digestion

is the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.

distress

is extreme anxiety, sorrow or pain

drowning

is to die through submersion in and inhalation of water.

eating disorders

is any of a range of mental conditions in which there is a persistent disturbance of eating behavior and impairment of physical or mental health

Enzyme

is a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

ergogenic acid

drugs and dietary regimens believed by some (but not proven) to increase strength, power, and endurance.

essential amino acid (9)

are also know as indispensable amino acids, are amino acids that humans and other vertebrates cannot synthesize from metabolic intermediates.

essential body fat

is defined as the fat need to maintain normal physiological functions.

essential fatty acids

essential body fats is a fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body(or not in adequate amounts) and is therefore essential to the diet, In humans, alpha linoleic acid and linolenic acid are the primary essential fatty acids.

Eustress

is the moderate or normal psychological stress, interpreted as being beneficial.

fat

is a natural oily or greasy substance occurring in animal bodies, especially when deposited as a layer under the skin or around certain organs.

fat burn zone

is where you are working out at about 70-80% of your maximum heart rate, also known as your fat burning heart rate.

feasible

means possible to do easily or conventional.

fiber

is a thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or textile is formed.

fight or flight

is the instinctive physiological response to a threatening situation, which readies one either to resist forcibly or to run away

FITT

is an acronym that represents Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.

Flexibility

is the quality of bending easily without breaking. it is the ability to be easily modified.

flexible

is to be capable of bending easily without breaking.

Frequency

means the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative.

Gluconeogenesis

is the metabolic process by which glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate sources, such as lactate, amino acids, and glycerol

Glucose

is a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.

glycemic index

is a measure of how quickly a food causes our blood sugar levels to rise. The measure ranks food on a scale of zero to 100.

habit

is a settles or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up.

Hardiness

is the ability to endure difficult conditions.

health

is the state of being free from illness or injury.

heart rate

the number of times your heart beats per minute. A normal resting heart rate should be between 60 to 100 beats per minute, but it can vary from minute to minute.

heart rate reserve

is the difference between your maximum(peak) heart rate and your resting heart rate.

heat stroke

is the most serious heart-related illness. It occurs when the body can no longer control its temperature.

Hemoglobin

is a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.

Hertz

is the SI unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second.

high density lipoprotein

absorbs cholesterol in the blood and carries it back to the liver

hip to waist ratio

compares your waist measurement to your hip measurement.

Homeostasis

is the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.

human growth hormone

is a protein produced in the body that's important not only during childhood but also throughout adulthood.

Hydrogenation

is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen(usually as H2).

hydrostatic weighing

is a densitometry as well as underwater weighing. IN this technique, the body's density is measured by obtaining the difference of body wright in air and under water using Archimedes principle.

hyoid bone

is a U-shaped bone, which is situated at the root of the tongue in the front of the neck and between the lower jaw and the largest cartilage of the larynx, or voice box.

hyperstension

is when the pressure in your blood vessels is too high( 140/90 mmHg or higher).

Hyperthermia

is the condition of having a body temperature greatly above normal. (104 degrees fahrenheit and above)

Hypothermia

is the condition of having the abnormally low body temperature, typically one that is dangerously low. (average temperature is below 95 degrees fahrenheit).

ideal body weight

is defined as weight for height at the lowest risk of mortality. Ideal body weight is known as IBW.

incus

is a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

Inferior

] is an adjective which means lower in rank, status or quality.