Exam 1 Public Health- Combined Quizlets

Anthrax spores enter their vegetative form in what environment?

High nutrient, low O2 areas

How does anthrax cause disease?

Production of toxins

What animals are very susceptible to anthrax?

Ruminants due to grazing

What are the modes of transmission for anthrax?

Cutaneous (most human cases),

Ingestion,

Inhalation, and

Biting insects

T/F: Anthrax is contagious person to person

False

What are the signs of anthrax in humans?

Cutaneous black eschar,

Respiratory signs and fever if inhaled, and

GI pain and hematemesis if ingested

What are the three forms of anthrax in animals?

Peracute in ruminants, with sudden death and unclotted blood from orifices,

Acute in ruminants and horses, with muscle tremors for two days before death, and

Subacute in swine, dogs, and cats with ventral edema and sever swelling

T/F: Necropsy should be done if anthrax is suspected

False, call state vet

What are the risk factors of anthrax for humans?

Handling carcasses of livestock or consuming undercooked meat in endemic areas

What are the preventions available for anthrax?

Vaccines for livestock

How do you treat an anthrax carcass?

Incinerate until the earth is scorched around the animal

What is tularemia referred to as?

Rabbit fever

What is the species that causes tularemia?

Franciscella tularensis

What environment does tularensis prefer, other than rabbits?

Aquatic environments

What species are susceptible to tularemia?

Rabbits (high),

Beavers,

Muskrats, and

Cats (via predation)

T/F: Tularemia is in the same category of bioterrorism as Anthrax

True, both Cat A

What are the modes of transmission for tularemia?

Direct contact (wounds),

Ingestion,

Inhalation, and

Vectors (ticks, biting flies)

What are the clinical signs of tularemia in humans?

Ulceroglandular,

Oculoglandular,

Glandular,

Pneumonic, and

Septicemic

What are the clinical signs of tularemia in rabbits?

Death

What are the risk factors of tularemia?

Mowing,

Handling carcasses, and

Tick bites

What are the preventions for tularemia?

PPE,

Cook game meat well,

Tick prevention, and

NOT MOWING OVER DEAD ANIMALS WHO THE F*** IS DOING THIS!?

What species causes the plague?

Yersinia pestis

What is the microanatomical appearance of the plague?

Bipolar "safety pin" appearance

What are the hosts of the plague?

Cycle between rodents and fleas, specifically prarie dogs, squirrels, and CATS

T/F: The plague is reportable

I want you to think hard about why you flipped this term instead of just moving on . . .

What are the modes of transmission for the plague?

Vector (fleas, most human cases),

Contact with tissue/fluid, and

Inhalation

What are the clinical signs of the plague in humans?

Bubonic (lymphadenopathy),

Septicemic (fever, ab pain, gangrene), and

Pneumonic (death)

What are the clinical signs of the plague in animals?

Bubonic submandibular lymphadenitis, especially in cats in endemic animals

How is the plague transmitted from animals to people?

Bites, scratches, fleas, contact with exudate, and inhalation

How can you diagnose the plague?

Cytology of exudate looking for "safety pin" appearance

What are preventions for the plague?

Flea control,

Keep cats indoors,

Reduce rodent habitat, and

Oral bait vaccines for prairie dogs/ferrets

What species does Mycobacterium tuberculosis infect?

Human and elephants

T/F: About one in four people are infected with tuberculosis

True

What species causes bovine tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium bovis

What species are affected by bovine tuberculosis?

Humans, cattle, bison, and whitetail deer in Michigan

How is bovine tuberculosis transmitted?

Inhalation and ingestion (undercooked milk/beef)

What are the clinical signs of bovine tuberculosis in cows?

Weight loss,

Granulomas, and

Slow death (months to years)

How can we diagnose bovine tuberculosis?

Caudal fold test (tuberculin skin test)

How can we prevent bovine tuberculosis?

Postmortem meat inspection (granulomas),

Surveillance testing,

Movement controls, and

Food safety (pasteurization)

T/F: Avian tuberculosis is a major risk zoonotic disease

False, low risk

What type of influenza is zoonotic?

Type A

What on type A's surface that contributes to disease?

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

What is the reservoir host for influenza?

Wild migratory birds

What species are the main cause of influenza zoonotic disease?

Birds, pigs, and cattle

Is influenza reportable in humans?

Seasonal cases are not reportable, but any novel influenza A virus is reportable

Is influenza reportable in animals?

Yes for H5n1 or other novel influenza,

all HPAI, H7, and H7 LPAI for birds

What is the transmission of influenza A?

Dorplet or aerosols mostly

How can we prevent influenza A?

Vaccines in pigs, horses, dogs, and humans, and

Biosecurity

What strains of influenza affect humans?

Type A (zoonotic) and Type B (human only)

T/F: Influenza can pass to someone before you know you are ill

True

What is a major clinical sign of influenza in humans?

It is one of the leading causes of pneumonia in humans

What are the influenza preventions in humans?

Flu vaccine,

Handwashing,

Masks,

Testing, and

Ventilation

What are the two forms of avian influenza?

Low-pathogenic (LPAI, most) and high pathogenic (HPAI, can mutate from LPAI)

How bad is HPAI?

Very high mortality and have caused death and depopulation of millions of birds (AKA bad)

What are the clinical signs of avian influenza?

Fast signs with sudden death,

Respiratory signs,

Neuro signs, and

Cyanotic signs

How can we prevent avian influenza?

Biosecurity,

Serosurveillance,

Early detection,

Depopulation, and

Wild bird surveillance

What are the clinical signs of H5N1 avian influenza in cattle?

Decreased milk production,

Mastitis,

Inappetence,

Decreased rumen motility,

Fever, and

Respiratory signs

What are the clinical signs of H5N1 avian influenza in cats?

Respiratory distress and neurologic disease (seizure)

What is the major way cats are infected with H5N1 avian influenza?

Barn cats fed raw poultry or milk

How are people infected with H5N1 avian influenza?

From dairy cows and poultry, leading to conjunctivitis and respiratory symptoms

What are the prevention methods of H5N1 in humans?

Education,

Vaccines,

Surveillance,

Biosecurity,

Food safety,

Regulation, and

Collaboration (one health)

T/F: The antigenic stability of influenza is high

False, low stability leading to high antigenic variation

What is antigenic drift?

Mutations causing gradual changes in proteins, creating immunologically different viruses

What is antigenic shift?

When two different viruses infect the same cell, and they swap gene segments making a new virus

T/F: Drift drives seasonal flu, Shift drives pandemics

True

What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?

Acute upper respiratory disease,

High morbidity, low mortality

Why are pigs considered a "mixing vessel?"

Viruses undergo genome assortment (true for other animals too)

T/F: Pigs are a major form of reverse zoonosis

True, putting swine farm workers at high risk

What is the concern for avian influenza A in human?

Associated with high fatality, but (luckily) low person to person transmission

T/F: H5N1 is the largest animal health disaster in the US to date

True

What are the inhalation zoonoses of Coronavirus?

SARS-CoV-1,

SARS-CoV-2, and

MERS

What types of infections does coronaviruses cause?

Respiratory and gastrointestinal

What disease does SARS-CoV-1 cause?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

What is the reservoir for SARS-CoV-1?

Horseshoe bats

T/F: SARS-CoV-1 is still a global problem

False, contained and no cases since 2003

What was SARS-CoV-1 helpful in teaching the public?

Global awareness that illegal wildlife is a public health and global biosecurity issue

What is MERS?

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome, aka "Camel Flu" which has a high (35%) case fatality rate

What reservoir host is for SARS-CoV-2?

Horseshoe bat

Why was SARS-CoV-2 a major public health problem?

Only a 2% case fatality rate, highly efficient person to person transmission

What are the increased risk factors for SARS-CoV-2?

Elderly,

Pregnancy, and

Unvaccinated

What is the epidemiologic triad?

Model for infectious disease made of the agent, host, and environment (deforestation, crowding, mixed species)

T/F: Cats and dogs can become infected with SARS-CoV-2 by reverse zoonosis

True

What species is highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and has animal to human transmission?

Minks

What effect did SARS-CoV-2 have on the pig industry?

Worker illnesses lead to reduced slaughter plant capacity, disrupting the food supply, with thousands of pigs destroyed

What species causes Avian Chlamydiosis?

Chlamydia psittaci

How is avian chlamydia transmitted?

Viable in dried feces,

Aerosolized in dust,

Direct contact,

Vertically, and

Through nasal discharge

T/F: Avian chlamydia is not a bioterrorism agent

False, category B, notifiable

What is shedding of avian chlamydiosis activated by in birds?

Stress

What are the signs of avian chlamydiosis?

Anorexia,

Weight loss,

Diarrhea (yellowish), and

Dyspnea

T/F: Psittacosis is rare in humans and birds

False, rare in humans, not rare in birds

What are the signs of psittacosis in people?

Flu like symptoms,

Atypical pneumonia, and

Gestational placentitis

How can we prevent psittacosis in people?

N95 masks,

Don't sell/buy sick birds (duh?),

Quarantine new birds for 30 days

What species are affected by chlamydia abortus?

Sheep and goats

How is chlamydia abortus transmitted?

Contact with reproductive products

What are the signs of chlamydia abortus in humans?

Flu like,

Miscarriage, and

Pneumonia

What are the clinical signs of chlamydia abortus in animals?

Enzootic abortion (abortion storm?) from asymptomatic dam, and weak lambs/kids

How can we prevent chlamydia abortus in humans?

Don't be pregnant around pregnant sheep,

Clean/disinfect after parturition

What is the agent of Q fever?

Coxiella burnetii

What is the concern about Q fever in the environment?

Viable for long periods, lives in milk and meat, and

Spore-like form can travel long distances

T/F: Q fever is a category B bioterrorism agent

True