APUSH AP TEST!!!!!!!!!!!!!

why was the election of 1800 significant/revolutionary?

it was a peaceful transfer of power between rivals, proving that the U.S. democratic system worked

significance of marbury v.s. madison

when the supreme court invalidated a law passed by congress. expanded the power of the judicial branch (checks and balances)

john marshall

a key federalist chief justice who established judicial review and strengthened the federal government over state governments

judicial review

the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress or actions taken by the executive branch

TLDR : the power the supreme court hold over the other 2 branches of government

unconstitutionality of the louisiana purchase

as a strict constructionist (“the constitutions word is ABSOLUTE! don’t bend it or interpret it any other way!”) thomas jefferson believed the 1803 louisiana purchase was unconstitutional because the constitution did not ECPLICITLY grant the federal government power to acquire new territory.

he went through with the purchase anyways though because EXPANSIONISM

louisiana purchase benefits

• secured new orleans and the mississippi river (YAY OCEAN ACCESS FOR TRADE)

• doubled U.S. land, thus creating space for future expansion and the formation of 15 NEW STATES

• the land was rich in natural resources, granting ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY

• removed france as a potential military enemy in america, allowing for peaceful expansion into the american west AND reducing the risk of conflict with european powers

• prompted WESTWARD EXPANSION via expedition of lewis and clark (laying foundation for manifest destiny)

jeffersons embargo

britain was impressing our sailors (seizing our sailors and forcing them into the british navy) so jefferson enacted an embargo instead of declaring war, because our army is too weak.

intent of embargo : cuts of trade with europe to hurt them in the wallet til they treat us better

what actually happens : europe trades with latin america instead and our economy suffers for it

war of 1812 purpose/significance

war over maritime rights and british impressment of american sailors

• war hawks : war hungry americans who wanted to slaughter britain to return honor to the republic

• north : ANTI WAR because it will hurt trade/economy for new england, britain sympathizing sissies

• south : PRO WAR, war hawks, supported madison, and wanted LAND!!!!!!! LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND

treaty of ghent

ends the war of 1812, no one really won but it FELT like a victory for the young republic, returned to pre-war boundaries

hartford convention and the death of the federalist party

hartford convention was a series of meetings amongst members of the federalist party, they wanted

• government compensation for the trade they lost from the war of 1812

• an end to the 3/5 compromise in the constitution and instead a 2/3 vote for decisions

• a single term presidency (to end the virginian dynasty, it seemed that EVERY SINGLE PRESIDENT was from virginia)

• threatened to secede from the nation, felt as if the south dominated the government (again, virginian dynasty)

RESULTS : federalists look like disloyal traitors, federalist party is DEAD

the american system/clays system

• a strong national band

• a high protective tariff on imports (20%-25%)

• internal works like roads and canals to stimulate trade between the states

TLDR : BANKS, TARIFFS, AND ROADS

era of good feelings

federalists are DEAD, strong support for monroe, one party politics, economic growth

marked by INTENSE nationalism

missouri crisis

the first MAJOR national conflict over the expansion of slavery into new territories

missouri wanted to enter as a slave state, threatening to upset the balance of power in the senate (would give slave states more power)

COMPROMISE : missouri can enter as a slave state IF maine enters as a free state, and there’s now a compromise line, NO slave states above the compromise line

mcculloch v. maryland (1819)

• case that established the power of FEDERAL law over STATE law (screw you state govt)

• ruled that congress has its own powers (such as creating a national bank)

• states cannot tax federal things, because again, screw you state govt

gibbon v. ogden (1824)

case establishes that the federal govt decides on decisions regarding interstate commerce (SCREW YOU STATE GOVT, FED GOVT IS BETTER RAHH)

monroe doctrine

america telling europe to stay out of both of the americas because were so cool and democratic and could totally kick their butts (we cant. were super weak. but the european powers oblige and cease their plans of colonizing anything in the western hemisphere)

irish immigration in the 1800s

fleeing from economic distress, political oppression, and FAMINE

americans HATEDDDDD THEM. severely discriminated against

german immigration in the 1800s

came because of political upheaval, americans were chiller with them, not much to write home about

what are nativists?

white/protestant/northern europeans who viewed catholics and immigrants as the DEVIL!!!!!!!! HATED THEM

loved the “original americans” (sons of the mayflower guys and founding fathers and shi)

what were women and the family structure like in the early 1800s?

• women : some could work in factories but for low wages, or women worked “feminine” jobs like teaching/nursing, they have SOME sliver of freedom and financial freedom

• family : SMALLER!! fewer kids so you can like actually afford to feed them and not abuse them as farmhands lol

importance of the erie canal when it was first made? and then what beat it out?

connects the east coast to everything else, shipping time goes from like 20 days to 5 days

BUT then we discovered the railroad, which are more reliable because like duh railroads cant freeze and its even FASTER

cotton gin. whys it important.

machine that HUGELY improved the production of cotton, greatly increased the demand for cotton, and therefore more slaves. basically an exponent on the base of slavery in america

how did the north, AND THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE, benefit from the cotton gin/slavery? but like early slavery

• north : controls the trade between south and britain

• country : was 1/2 of all US exports after 1840

who was william lloyd garrison? why do we gaf about him?

guy with a newspaper who called for IMMEDIATE abolition of slavery, early abolitionist voice

who was frederick douglass?

a former slave and a MASSIVE voice for not only the abolitionist movement, but also women’s rights (ok king)

who was sojourner truth?

former slave whos a WOMAN (GASP) who ALSO campaigned for abolitionism and womens rights

what BS did the south argue as to say why slavery is actually a great thing!??!?!?!?

the south claimed slavery is GOOD because they’re forcing them to turn christian and they’re “civilizing” them, also argued that northern factory workers had it worse off and that the north was hypocritical

so what’s up with texas in the 1800s-ish?

u.s. settlers settle there and they revolted against mexican rule because they wanted SLAVERY THERE (figures)

then they make texas join the u.s. as a slave state, sigh

manifest destiny?

it is our GOD ORDAINED DESTINY to spread westward across america like a PLAGUE!!!!!!! KILL ALL THE NATIVE AMERICANS!!!!!!!!! CREATE CITIES!!!!!!!!! SPREAD OUR WARPED IDEA OF LIBERTY ACROSS THE NATION WHILST SIMULTANEOUSLY INFRINGING ON THE RIGHTS OF COUNTLESS TRIBES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

who tf is james polk

democrat and an expansionist. his biggest points are GETTING OREGON and GETTING CALIFORNIA

wtf is the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo ummm

ends the conflict between u.s. and mexico, also we got ARIZONA, UTAH, NEW MEXICO, NEVADA, CALIFORNIA, AND COLORADO YAY

why was the slavocracy happy about us getting all the states in the southwest?

chance to expand slavery, talked about even taking CUBA, driven by the profits of cotton

wilmot proviso

northern congressmen proposed a ban on slavery in the newly acquired southwestern territories, passes the house but not the senate because theres slave state power in the government

whats popular sovereignty?

letting the american people vote on whether or not they want slavery in a territory

what the hell is the free soil party and what do they want

• started by farmers/the working class

• wanted cheap land out west

• opposed slavery (not because they were socially aware, they just felt like slaves were taking their jobs)

• feared the slavocracy cuz theyre rich and slave labor because they take their jobs ig

compromise of 1850?

california joins as a free state but that upsets the balance in the senate, SO

north : gains california as a free state

south : gains a tough new fugitive slave law

whats the fugitive slave act of 1850??

people who escape slavery are considered criminals, tells northerners that they cant help runaway slaves and despite the fact that those runaways are in a FREE STATE, and that they must return those runaways slaves.

PISSES OFF the north and turns moderate abolitionists to be more radical

SPLITTING THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH EVEN MORE

congratulations, its a party! aka the birth of the republican party

whigs (anti jackson), free soilers, disgruntled democrats, know-nothings, northerners join

embraced the ideas of "free soil, free labor, free men" (anti-expansion of slavery, pro-industrial growth and pro-free land in the west for people)

BUUUUUT now we have a 2 party system that really stresses the north v.s. south divide, inching closer and closer to civil war

uncles toms cabin and its significance

novel that painted how terrible slavery is, fires up northern abolitionists so they REALLY start opposing the fugitive slave act and is kinda the indirect cause of the civil war

bleeding kansas

A MESS. WHOLE HOUSE MAD. shows how terrible the divide was because in kansas the population was mixed on being pro or anti slavery, so pro-slaverites would slaughter abolitionists, and then abolitionists would slaughter pro-slaverites

JAWN BROWNNNNNN JAWN BROWNNNNNNNNN (the GOAT, led many battles in the name of the abolitionist movement)

dred scott v.s. sanford (1857)

ruled that slavery is legal literally everywhere, even in the territories, south is overjoyed obv and the north is PISSED.

john browns raid on harpers ferry

an attempt to spark a slave rebellion, doesn’t really work out though and now the south views ALL abolitionists as murderous nutjobs out to get them. were getting even CLOSER TO WAR

the south secedes for their rights!!! um but their rights to do what 🤨🤨

THEY SAID they wanted to be left alone from free soil critics, abolitionists, and radicals. as well as tariffs, and they said that when they voluntarily joined the U.S. in the constitution, they were also given the right to voluntarily leave.

but when you boil it down they really just wanted to keep their slave labor lmao

lincoln is kind of a bad guy actually

suspended habeas corpus that one time with the copperheads because they were undermining the civil war effort/abolitionist efforts that one time

whats the emancipation proclamation????????

transformed the war from a battle to preserve the union into a moral fight against slavery. or something.

number of slaves truly freed : 0, border states were not touched

diplomatic effect of civil war on america and europes relationship????

europeans now refuse to aid south or oppose the union b/c they’ll look like they’re supporting war crimes

general sherman’s march to the sea (in georgia)

total war : war against a population, destroy EVERYTHING, from people to factories, ravage the south so they cant recover

who were peace democrats and the copperheads?????

• peace democrats : anti-lincoln, favored ending the war amicably, and recognizing southern independence (stupid sissies)

• copperheads : also anti-lincoln and hated emancipation, lincoln jailed them without trial and suspended their habeas corpus #likeaboss because they were undermining his war efforts

what is the freedmans bureau……….

organization that provided food, clothing, education to poor blacks and whites in the south

presidential reconstruction

lincolns plan was extremely forgiving on the south, if just 10% of the states pop. pledged allegiance then they could rejoin the union

radical republicans

uproot social structure, punish planters, protect free blacks

wade-davis bill

HARSHER post civil war plan, required 50% to take oath of allegiance, then state can rejoin the union

johnsons plan

very forgiving too, 10% oath and ratify 13th amend. BUTTTTTT PARDONED A BUNCH OF CONFEDERATES and even gave said confederates leadership jobs in government

black codes

restrictive laws on the black american population

COULD : marry, move, start churches

COULDNT : serve on juries, vote, rent land

sharecropping

basically slavery 2.0. post civil war agricultural system where freed black men were given land on credit, and then have to work the debt off (so again, basically just legaler slavery)

congressional reconstruction after civil war

• freedmens bureau : vetoed by president johnson, overridden

• civil rights bill of 1866 (declared everyone, minus native americans, as legal US citizens) : vetoed and overridden

• race riots : sweep the south

reconstruction act of 1867

• places south under military supervision, so white supremacists are put in their place if they try to discriminate against freedmen

• states must ratify 14th amendment for readmittance (citizenship for all)

• required states to give all freedmen suffrage

14th amendment

granting citizenship to all born/naturalized in the U.S. (including former slaves), providing "equal protection under the law”

15th amendment

gave voting rights for freedmen, but basically useless because white men would intimidate black voters at the poll

womens rights

many thought 13-15th amendments should apply to women, big disappoint :C

carpetbaggers

northerners who moved south for various reasons, some for corrupt reasons, and some to help rebuild the south

pros and cons of reconstruction

successes : some rebuilding of the south and a BRIEFFFF taste of human rights for black americans

failures : north and south hate each other, african americans are vulnerable (unprotected against racism), republican party dies out in south, north loses interest in south, south is mired in poverty

new south (post civil war economy)

poverty is WIDESPREAD, poor farmers don’t make much, don’t buy much. south is super poor now without the slavocracy

whats jim crow?

• laws that enforce racial discrimination and segregation in the south.

• segregation : forced separation of black and white people in all aspects of society

• 14th and 15th amendments are totally ignored

• disenfranchisement : denying black people the right to vote through poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses

plessy v.s. ferguson (1896)

court case that ruled that segregation is actually TOTALLY LEGAL as long as black and white facilities are separate but equal (literally never happens, black people are continuously treated as 2nd class citizens)

gilded ages social darwinism

the idea of social darwinism is that those who prosper do so because they’re the fittest.

the rich are rich because of their hard work, and the poor are poor because they’re stupid and lazy

(THINK : VANDERBILT, CARNEGIE, ROCKEFELLER)

revolution of the railroad

• creates a huge market for american goods!!!!!!!!!!!

• stimulated growth of steel/mining/farming

• expansion : move west for the cheaper land!!!! creates american western cities

oil and rockefeller

pious, strict, and cutthroat in his business policies

tactics : buy out all competition or drive them out

trusts/monopolies

companies that control most or all market share in an industry or sector

oil trusts, sugar, tobacco, leather, and farm equipment control EVERYTHING

monopolies could drive up the rates to be literally whatever they want because you have no other option, you MUST use their business, so they’ll just charge whatever they want

political corruption in the gilded age

the whole government is controlled by big business at this point in time, rich people are buying positions in government

credit mobilier scandal

railroad monopoly scamming the u.s. government of millions whilst bribing congress to be quiet

gilded ages labor unions and the governments position on them

government stuck the middle finger at labor unions and sided with the owners, used FEDERAL TROOPS to break up strikes

knight of labor organization

organization advocating for labor rights for EVERYONE, regardless of race or gender

haymarket riot

labor demonstration that turned deadly, bomb kills police officers. public HATES UNIONS NOW. people who are associated with knights of labor/the labor rights movement are labelled violent anarchists and the knights of labor organization DIES

strikes of the gilded age

• great railroad strike of 1877 : violenttttt broken up by federal troops

• homestead strike of 1892 : violent and broken by troops

• pullman strike of 1893 : violent and broken by troops

strikers are associated with violent radicalism and they’re deemed unpopular with the public, but by 1890s the public begins to recognize the unfair treatment of workers

immigration in the gilded age

• eastern & southern europeans (italians, poles, russian jews)

• cities SWELL with immigrants and they live in poor neighborhoods and contribute to overcrowding

• nativism : white american people fear immigrants overwhelming america and outbreeding and outvoting them

• restrictions : in 1882 we passed a law barring all chinese immigrants from coming here

downsides of gilded age cities?

THEYRE DISGUSTING. crime everywhere, garbage, disease, sewage, overcrowded tenements

social changes of the gilded age

• some assistance is given to immigrants

• social gospel movement : links christianity to social betterment and reforms (IT IS YOUR DUTY AS A CHRISTIAN TO MAKE AMERICA BETTER)

• jane addams starts “hull houses” to help the inner city poor and immigrants

• settlement house movement : becomes the center of womens