GEN CHEM

What happens to rate constant (k) and the rate ® when you increase the temperature?

• ↑ Temp

• ↑ Rate constant (k)

• ↑ Rate ®

What happens to the rate rate constant (k) and the rate ® when you decrease the activation energy (E_a)?

• ↓E_a

• ↑ Rate constant (k)

• ↑ Rate ®

1 atm = torr = mmHg = Pa = kPa

1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa

Q < K

right, no pres

Q = K

(equal, no pres)

Q > K

(left, pres)

Gibbs Free Energy

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

ΔG = -nFE

Work Equation

w = -PΔV

Work on the system

w > 0

Work on the surroundings

w < 0

Heat Equation

q = mcΔT

-q_metal = q_water

Change in internal energy

ΔE = q + w

“Electroplating Copper with Zinc” what is positive and negative?

• Copper (-)

• Zinc (+)

What is the trend of gas solubility (temperature & pressure)?

• ↓ Temperature

• ↑ Pressure

Neutral Cations

• Group 1

• Group 2

• Metals with +1

Neutral Anions

• Cl-

• Br-

• I-

• NO₃-

• ClO_4-

• ClO_3-

Soluble Ions

• Group 1

• NO₃-

• ClO₄-

• C₂H₃O₂-

• NH₄+

Insoluble Ions

• Ag2+

• Pb2+

• S-

• OH-

• CO₃-

• PO₄-

What happens to stability when you increase nuclear binding energy?

• ↑ E

• ↑ Stability

What happens to mass defect (difference between the actual mass of an atomic nucleus & the sum of the individual masses of its protons and neutrons) when you increase nuclear binding energy?

• ↑ E

• ↑ Mass Defect

Chloric Acid

HClO₃

Bromic Acid

HBrO₃

Iodic Acid

HIO₄

Nitric Acid

NO₃

Sulfuric Acid

H₂SO₄

Carbonic Acid

H₂CO₃

Phosphoric Acid

H₃PO₄

Ways to find [H+]?

[H+] = √K_a[HA]

[H+] = 10^-pH

[H+][OH-] = 1 × 10^-14

Ways to find [OH-]?

[OH-] = 10^-pOH

[H+][OH-] = 1 × 10^-14

What order is radioactive decay?

First-Order

What is the rule of thumb for electron affinity?

Disregards noble gases (noble gases have the lowest e- affinity)

Half-Equivalence Point

pH = pka

Percent Error

A - T/T x 100%

Percent Composition

mass of element in the compund / compound’s molar mass x 100%

Percent Yield

A/T x 100%

Mass Percent

g of solute / g of solution

Why does a nucleus weight less than the sum of neutrons & electrons?

It’s converted into nuclear binding energy

Principal Quantum

• n

• energy level

  • 1, 2, 3, 4

Azmuthal Quantum

• l

• shape of the orbital

  • s, p, d, f

Magnetic Quantum

• m_l

• orbital orientation

  • -1…1

Spin Quantum

• m_s

• spin direction

  • -1/2 or 1/2

Where does plating occur and what is it?

• the cathode

• depositing thin metal on surface of another

Which of the following describes a key characteristic that makes a compound amphoteric?

Presence of both acidic hydrogen and basic lone pairs